Diabetes mellitus is characterized by major changes in the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. The study was aimed at assessing the degree of changes in the coagulation and fibrinolytic system in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in North-central Nigeria. This was a hospital based comparative Cross-sectional study involving 78 type 2 diabetics and 78 healthy controls. Full blood count was performed using Sysmex XP 300 according to manufacturer’s instructions. Prothrombin time was determined using one stage test of Owren. Activated partial thromboplastin time was determined by method of Proctor and Rapaport. Fibrinogen assay was determined using AssayMax Human Fibrinogen ELISA. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor type-1 was determined using the AssayMax Human PAI-1 ELISA kit. The mean age of the subjects and controls were 60.73 ± 10.8 and 59.65 ± 12.7 years respectively. The mean diastolic blood pressure of subjects with Diabetes was significantly higher than that of the controls (91.84 ± 11.02 vs 87.58 ± 11.3: p-value =0.002). The mean Prothrombin time, Fibrinogen concentration and PAI- 1 level were significantly higher in the subjects than the controls (p = 0.047, 0.031 & 0.020). No significant differences were observed in Platelet count, APTT and INR (P=0.938, 0.664 & 0.059 respectively). This study confirms that diabetes mellitus is a cause of hypercoagulable state as evidenced by the significant alteration in the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. There is need for proper glycaemic control in patients with diabetes.

Introduction hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health disease. One-third of the world´s population is reportedly infected with the virus. Infections in children are mostly perinatal and therefore acquired early in life, with a propensity to evolve into chronic diseases and their attendant life-threatening complications. Early diagnosis can, however, improve outcomes in this group of children. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of HBV among children attending the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Southwest Nigeria. Methods we recruited a total of one hundred and ninety-eight children aged 6 months to 18 years from the children´s outpatient clinic of a tertiary health centre, using the systematic sampling technique. HBsAg was tested using the HBsAg test kit (PRO-med®, China), and the anti-HBs antibody was tested using the ELISA method. Data were analysed using SPSS version 26. Results of the 198 children that were screened, 2 (1.0%) were positive. Of these, one (50.0%) had a Hepatitis B positive mother and was HBeAg positive. Two-thirds of the children had received the hepatitis B vaccine, as evidenced by caregivers´ recall, or sighting of the immunization record. There was no statistically significant relationship between the hepatitis B status of the children and the sociodemographic parameters. Conclusion the study supports the fact that paediatric HBV infections are transmitted from mother to child. Though the prevalence of HBsAg in the study population was lower than the national average for the country, routine immunization program should be strengthened for further control of HBV. Age and gender were not significantly associated with HBV infection in this study.

No abstract

Anaemia is a frequent finding in type 2 diabetes, but it is typically seen with established chronic kidney disease and renal insufficiency. Cases, where anaemia predates renal insufficiency, are associated with a worse prognosis for the type 2 diabetes patient and an increased susceptibility to complications. This study aims to determine the prevalence and type of anaemia in persons living with type 2 diabetes without established chronic kidney disease in our environment. The study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study that involved 141 people with known type 2 diabetes as the study group and 140 healthy persons as controls. The study population and the controls were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered semistructured questionnaire at the Endocrinology clinic, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomosho. The data obtained were analyzed using the IBM SPSS version 23.0 ( p value ≤0.05 was considered significant). The biochemical (fasting lipids, HBA1C, FBG, serum albumin, creatinine, urea, uric acid, and insulin) and haematological (FBC and red cell indices; PVC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RCDW) parameters of the respondents were analyzed using standard methods. The study showed a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of anaemia among subjects, 69.2% as compared to 30.8% of the control group. Normochromic normocytic anaemia was predominant among the subjects, whereas microcytic hypochromic anaemia was the predominant type in the controls. There was no statistically significant difference between MCV and MCHC of both subjects and controls. There was a positive correlation between the incidence of anaemia and the duration of diabetes among the subjects. More people with type 2 diabetes are now living longer, and the addition of haematological parameters should be part of their baseline investigations to aid in the early detection of complications.

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE), is a major health concern that has continued to pose a challenge to clinicians. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in our environment. In recent years there has been renewed attention on the need for thromboprophylaxis to prevent VTE and its consequences. This is a prospective study carried out on the gynaecological in patients of Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso. This study involved the use of a questionnaire with the details of the Caprini score in assessing patients. Our study revealed that 83 (58.5%) patients had low risk for VTE while 55 (38.7%) had moderate risk for VTE. Only 4 (2.8%) of participants had a high risk for VTE and none of the gynaecological patients could be classified as very low risk according to the Caprini index. There is a need to train and retrain health care givers on the importance of thromboprophylaxis. This training should include the development of local protocols similar to international guidelines meeting the local needs, this will go a long way to ensure it is user friendly to healthcare workers.