The field of nanotechnology has advanced following the discovery of a two-dimensional material of sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms, graphene in 2004 by Geim and Novoselov. Graphene has received so much attention due to its exceptional electronic, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties in addition to its large surface area and single-atom thickness. This has led to the discovery of several techniques to obtain graphene such as chemical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), chemical synthesis etc. However, these techniques are majorly challenged with developing graphene with fewer defects and in large scale; thus, there is an increasing need to produce graphene in large quantities with high quality. Several studies have been carried out to find routes to producing high-quality graphene. This paper focuses majorly on the synthesis and fabrication methods of producing graphene and its derivative, graphene oxide. Characterization techniques to identify graphene such as optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) used to determine number of layers, quality, atomic structures, and defects in graphene is also briefly discussed. This article also covers a short description of graphene applications in transparent electrodes, composites and energy storage devices.

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have received wide attention and progress in impacting the electronics market. The progress of OLEDs in the market over their inorganic counterpart is principally due to their cost savings, flexibility, and excellent performance. As a result of the rising demands for next‐generation electronic devices with increased efficiency, high flexibility, reduced cost, and stretchability, there is a need for improvements of OLEDs. In order to fulfill these requirements, it is necessity to replace the transparent conductive electrode (TCE) with a better alternative. The conventionally used TCE, indium tin oxide (ITO), suffers from the scarcity of indium, increased cost, instability, and brittleness. Graphene is recognized as a suitable alternative to ITO because of its excellent properties including high optical transmittance, outstanding electrical conductivity, stability, and great mechanical flexibility. However, the performance of graphene as the TCE material in OLEDs is limited. Several efforts have been made to improve graphene's performance through electrode modifications. This review covers a summary of fabrication techniques for graphene‐based TCEs and their improvements. Finally, the application and performance of graphene‐based TCEs in OLED devices and the performance of such OLEDs are discussed.

Cost or burden of illness studies for mental illnesses has helped define the magnitude of their negative effects on the household, community and national economy. Despite its many benefits, there is a paucity of these studies among Nigerians being managed for mental illnesses. This study was aimed at assessing the economic burden of mental illnesses and its effect on household purchasing power. The study was descriptive cross-sectional in design conducted among 284 out-patients with five categories of mental illnesses at the Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro recruited via a systematic sampling technique. Data collection was quantitative using a semi-structured interviewer-administered tool. Participants provided the actual direct costs and estimates of indirect costs incurred during their most recent inpatient admission and their first clinic visit after discharge. Parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were conducted on the direct and estimated indirect costs respectively after testing them for normality using the Q-Q plot with statistical significance determined at p<0.05. Almost 96% of respondents finance their healthcare costs by themselves or their family with >50% earning

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Owing to their abundance and cost-effectiveness, lignocellulosic materials have attracted increasing attention in clean energy technologies over the last decade. However, the complex polymer structure in these residues makes it difficult to extract the fermentable sugars. Therefore, various pretreatment regimes have been used resulting in the breaking of lignocelluloses' physical and chemical structures, thereby enhancing the availability of the polysaccharides which are subsequently hydrolysed into different biocommodities. This chapter provides an evaluation of some of the latest exploited methodologies that are used in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials. Moreover, the chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each method.