Cocoa was established at Owena in the Southwestern part of Nigeria using four planting distances of 3.0 x 3.0 m, 2.5 x 2.5 m, 2.0 x 2.0 m and 1.5 x 1.5 m which was laid out in a Complete Randomized Block Design with four replicates. Data was collected between August 2014 and May 2017 on the survival count, morphological parameters (plant height, stem circumference and number of branches), number of cocoa pods and dry cocoa beans weight to determine the vigour and yield performance of cocoa plants. The results revealed significant differences (p=0.05) between treatments based on the plant spacing. While cocoa plants on 3.0 x 3.0 m treatment had significantly higher height, stem circumference and number of branches than those on 2.0 x 2.0 m and 1.5 x 1.5 m from 12 months after transplanting. The number of cocoa pods and weight of dry cocoa beans for individual cocoa trees followed the same trend with their vigour performance. However, the total yield per hectare showed significantly higher value (p=0.05) for cocoa under close spacing than the recommended traditional 3.0 x 3.0 m with low population density planting. With the present results, we recommend that cocoa farmers in Nigeria should explore a high planting density system during the first few years of establishment while the trees surpluses should be eliminated once the plants’ canopy spread are becoming too interwoven.

An investigation was carried out in Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Uhonmora Station, Edo State to evaluate the effect of transplanting positions of cacao (Theobroma cacao L) seedlings with plantains under field condition. Four treatments were evaluated: Plantain suckers on top of cacao seedlings at transplanting (PTCT), Cacao seedlings on top of plantain suckers at transplanting (CTPT), Cacao seedlings transplanted 30 cm apart from plantain suckers (CT30P) and Cacao seedlings transplanted 150 cm apart from plantain suckers (CT150P) as control. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Plantain suckers were planted at 3 x 3m spacing as shade crop while cacao seedlings (hybrid) were planted on treatment basis. The experiment was monitored for 22 months after transplanting. Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of branches and leaf area at 3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14 and 15 Months After Transplanting (MAT), and on Survival count (%) at 10 and 22 MAT. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) as well as descriptive statistics, and significant means separated by Duncan multiple range test (P<0.05). The result showed that cacao seedlings on top of plantain (CTPT) at transplanting had the highest percentage of 91.67 and 75.00 survival count at 10 and 22 MAT, respectively, closely followed by plantain on top of cacao seedlings at transplanting (89.00 % and 72.00%). When compared with CT150P, CTPT increased the plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of branches and leaf area at 4 MAT, at 15 MAT, at 3, 13, 14, 15 MAT, at 3, 15 MAT and at 13, 14,15 MAT, respectively by 1%, 10%, 61%, 2%, 3%, 8%,46%, 11%, 5%, 3% and 13%, respectively. Therefore, cacao seedlings transplanted on top of plantain was the most effective treatment for improving cacao seedling establishment and growth under field condition.

Field trial was conducted at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ajassor substation, Cross River State, Nigeria between 2015 and 2017 to evaluate the effect of different weed control methods on the growth and yield of cocoa during their early years of establishment. Glyphosate and paraquat were applied at 480, 720, 960 and 1440 gram of active ingredient per hectare using very low volume (g a.i. ha-1 vlv) while manual weeding (i.e. slashing with cutlass) was used as the control. A Nigeria commercial cocoa variety Tc series, also known as 18-month cocoa, was established at a CRIN recommended spacing of 3 x 3 m, laid out in a Complete Randomized Block Design with four replications. All young cocoa stands were ring weeded at 50 cm diameter and covered with black polythene bags before the spraying of herbicides during the first six months of establishment to reduce injury that could result from the drifting of herbicide solution to plants during their early growth stage. Data was collected on the plant height, stem girth and number of leaves of cocoa plants while the cocoa dry beans weight and labour cost for each treatment were determined. The results showed that 960 g a.i. ha-1 vlv was the best herbicide application rate while plots under glyphosate at 960 g a.i. ha-1 vlv produced significantly higher values of plant height, stem girth and number of leaves at (p=0.05) than both paraquat at 960 g a.i. ha-1 vlv and manual weeding. Labour cost for controlling weeds with either glyphosate or paraquat at all application rates were considerably lower than cost for control (manual weeding). Glyphosate at 960 g a.i. ha-1 vlv is recommended for weed control in cocoa plantation because it encouraged higher growth and yield performance of cocoa than other treatments, had considerably cheaper cost of application than paraquat at 960 g a.i. ha-1 vlv and manual weeding, and it also ensured a weed-free environment over a longer period of time than the other treatments.

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