Access to quality education is still a major bottleneck in developing countries. Efforts at opening the access to a large majority of citizens in developing nations have explored different strategies including the use of multimedia technology. This paper provides a systematic review of different multimedia tools in the teaching and learning processes with a view to examining how multimedia technologies have proven to be a veritable strategy for bridging the gap in the provision of unrestricted access to quality education and improved learners' performance. The review process includes conducting an extensive search of relevant scientific literature, selection of relevant studies using a predetermined inclusion criteria, literature analysis, and synthesis of the findings of the various studies that have investigated how multimedia have been used for learning and teaching processes. The review examines various case study reports of multimedia tools, their success and limiting factors, application areas, evaluation methodologies, technology components, and age groups targeted by the tools. Future research directions are also provided. Apart from text and images, existing tools were found to have multimedia components such as audio, video, animation and 3-D. The study concluded that the majority of the multimedia solutions deployed for teaching and learning target the solution to the pedagogical content of the subject of interest and the user audience of the solution while the success of the different multimedia tools that have been used on the various target groups and subjects can be attributed to the technologies and components embedded in their development.

A conceituação da segurança nacional continua a ser um empreendimento taxativo, uma vez que diversos fatores ressaltam a sua capacidade em todos os níveis de percepção e, portanto, não pode ser restrita a uma única definição devido à sua natureza mutável de um Estado para outro. Assim sendo, a segurança nacional permanece dinâmica, fluida e multidirecional, mas é fundamental para a sobrevivência de qualquer Estado. Na Nigéria pós-independente, as ameaças securitárias a seus interesses nacionais não só envolvem ameaças convencionais, como as de outros Estados, mas também de atores não estatais e atividades como terroristas, traficantes de armas, piratas, traficantes, seqüestradores, insurgências de gângsteres de rua, disputas fronteiriças e milícias étnicas. Ao longo dos últimos cinquenta e seis anos, as ameaças tradicionais à segurança nacional na Nigéria se transformaram em uma séria e grande organização, que aparentemente não pode ser eliminada apenas por forças militares ou instituições de segurança. Os meios de comunicação de massa foram sugeridos por ter a capacidade de contribuir significativamente para ajudar as instituições de segurança a eliminar ou a verificar os desafios com os quais o país é confrontado. Talvez isso se deva ao fato de que os meios de comunicação são parte integrante da infra-estrutura de soft power, o que poderia facilitar a disseminação de informações de maneira rápida e eficaz, ajudando assim uma nação como a Nigéria a juntar a ação política apropriada que visa a consolidar a desejada segurança nacional. Implantando a definição da agenda e as teorias de enquadramento, este artigo empreende uma avaliação de se ou não os meios de comunicação nigerianos (especificamente, Daily Trust e The Punch) fizeram contribuições impactantes para a resolução de questões de segurança na Nigéria pós-independência, com uma referência particular para as insurgências da seita do Boko Haram. Emprega entrevistas analíticas, em profundidade (IDIs) e métodos históricos para analisar alguns relatórios da mídia sobre as insurgências com o objetivo de avaliar seu impacto sobre a segurança do Estado nigeriano. O estudo argumentou que, apesar da robustez dos meios de comunicação nigerianos, eles ainda devem ter uma influência significativa na eliminação de problemas de segurança na Nigéria pós-independência. Daí, o apelo, entre outras coisas, a uma maior sinergia entre as instituições de segurança e meios de comunicação de massa no país para alcançar os resultados.

Comedy is any form of social exchange that elicits laughter as responses. Characteristically, it generates simultaneously both pleasure and power. In other words, comedy as a form of funniness involves breaking of rules and making the rules so that correct behaviour is implicitly instated (Purdie, 2003). It is on this basis that this study investigated the discursive process through which Papa Ajasco comedy series condemn some social behaviour and signify them as bad or inappropriate in funny but strong terms. Therefore, the study examined some purposefully selected current series of Papa Ajasco on Nigerian television with a view to identifying and explaining the pattern of condemned social behaviours or affairs of this world in the comedy. I t also determined the discursive means by which the social behaviours are condemned as transgressions. Essentially, the study sought to understand how randomly selected audience of 50 members, who regularly view Papa Ajasco series on television, interpret the discursive exchange and jokes in the comedy. This was done through an indepth interview that allowed the audience to air their views spontaneously. The study found that Papa Ajasco series indeed appeal to a majority of Nigerians with its unique capacity to provide high spirit that relaxes their minds and provide them with escape valves with which they relieve tensions of work and life. But, beyond this, the series, in melodramatic forms, condemns some social vices and behaviours that are been deeply rooted as ways of life in Nigeria. Meanwhile, the discursive power of the comedy series in condemning the behaviours http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejotmas.v5i1-2.19 EJOTMAS: EKPOMA JOURNAL OF THEATRE AND MEDIA A RTS 254 is interpreted by the audience mostly as jokes. So, the didactic benefit of the series is mitigated by the agency of the audience who interprets the language, meaning and themes of the comedy series as nothing but just jokes and relaxation. The introduction of the features of sitcom does not even change the interpretation pattern; rather it attacks audience attention more to its funniness.

The Freedom of Information (FOI) Act was enacted in Nigeria in 2011. However, Nigeria has been publishing its national budget online since 2007. This paper presents results from a survey in which several stakeholder groups connected to the online national budget of Nigeria were asked to respond to questions of awareness and use of open data and the Freedom of Information (FOI) Act. The results show that respondents who were aware of Nigeria’s 2011 FOI Act made the link with open data practice but indicated that citizens were not taking enough advantage of the Act. Also, custodians of data or information were likely to seek ways to avoid meeting such requests. Nevertheless, Nigerians need to be more educated on the key elements of the Act for its proper and adequate utilization or invocation that could impact more positively on open data initiatives in Nigeria.

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