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Water is a scarce resource in many parts of the world; consequently the application of innovative strategies to treat wastewater for reuse is a priority. The brewery industry is one of the largest industrial users of water, but its effluent is characterised by high levels of organic contaminants which require remediation before reuse. Various conventional treatment methods such as anaerobic and aerobic systems, which are effective options because of their high removal efficiencies, are discussed in this study. Other methods such as membrane based technologies, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, electrochemical methods, algal ponds and constructed wetlands are also analysed. Their efficiency as well as advantages and disadvantages are highlighted and evaluated. Combinations of various treatment processes to improve the quality of the final effluent are discussed.

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The presence of sediments in a river is one of the major factors that characterize the river. The presence of sediment in any water resource is detrimental to its design purpose and it scratches any structure such as bridge foundations, conduit pipes, and turbine blades it comes into contact with while in motion and this leads to their eventual failure under load. The correct estimation of sediment yield transported by a river is indispensable in water resources engineering as sediment affects its hydraulic structure. The use of mathematical modeling algorithms such as genetic algorithms (GA) has proved to be very accurate in predicting sediment load in a river. The analogy behind GA is that genes in DNA functions are manipulated in specific ways through specific transcription operations. Therefore, applying the same logical operators to selected parameters relevant to sediment loads in rivers leads to mathematical prediction of the sediment load. This review article discusses the dynamic of sedimentation and analyses the use of GA as a hydrological model for accurately predicting sediment yield in a river, its potentials and shortcomings while recommending its modification.

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