Background: Health personnel who demonstrated close contact with patients with COVID-19, might experience a higher risk of infection and psychological problems. This study aims to explore depressive, anxiety, and burnout symptoms among health care personnel with a higher risk for psychological trauma.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from an online assessment, which was conducted one month after the COVID-19 outbreak. A total of 544 respondents from 21 provinces in Indonesia were included. Data on depressive, anxiety, and burnout symptoms were transformed using the Rasch model. Data from health professionals in the higher risk group and the lower risk group were analyzed.Results: A higher percentage of health professionals experiencing depressive symptoms (22.8%), anxiety (28.1%), and burnout (26.8%) are found in the higher risk group. The chance for the higher risk group’s personnel to present with moderate and severe depressive symptoms, anxiety, and burnout are 5.3 (p < 0.05), 1.36 (p > 0.05), and 3.92 (p < 0.05) times higher, respectively. The probability for patient-induced burnout is 2.13 (p < 0.05) times higher and highest among the other burn out dimensions. The depressive symptoms complained were similar between groups: loneliness, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, and inability to initiate activities. Loneliness demonstrates the highest logit value among the symptoms.Conclusions: Health professionals with direct contact and responsibility to treat COVID-19 patients exhibit a higher risk to experience depressive symptoms and burnout. Communication with peers and staying in contact with family needs to be encouraged. Physiological well-being should be considered for high-risk health personnel. Incentive or insurance guaranteed by the government or institution is essential as a reward and compensation during this period.

Background: There are currently 14% independent participants in Indonesia's National Health Insurance (INHI) from the overall (199 millions) participants. However, around 43.8% of them do not comply in paying the insurance premium. The purpose of the study is to explore factors that influence delinquent payment of contributions. Methods : The research design was qualitative study with phenomenology approach and constructivism paradigm. Data collected by in-depth interview and using theoretical sampling approach. We recruited 16 respondents of unpaid worker participants who arrear and who obey to pay the premiums from 4 difference cities/ districts. Triangulation was done trough 15 respondents from various stakeholders. We constructed substantive theory from data trough coding, cathegorizing and pattern matching. Results: Compliance of paying insurance premium is affected by the intention to pay for contribution. Meanwhile, the intention to pay is influenced by the understanding of INHI program, financial ability, self attitude, operational system and service quality. These constructs consist of 5 to 8 indicators. To improve payment contribution of independent participants, INHI program has to pay attention for factors originating internally from the participants themselves and also externally: social and institutional environment support and the quality of health care and financing system. Conclusions: INHI program need to improve a proper socialization, mechanisms for collecting beneficiary contributions, and strengthening the healthcare system, both for services and the implementation of the financing system.

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi pengeluaran rokok elektrik di Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan Convenience Sampling dan formula Slovin, melakukan wawancara terhadap 200 pengguna rokok elektrik di Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Regresi Linear Berganda dengan STATA 12. Variabel yang digunakan adalah total pengeluaran rokok elektrik per bulan, harga alat mesin isap rokok elektrik, motivasi penggunaan rokok elektrik, jumlah rasa cairan rokok elektrik, pengetahuan mengenai resiko penggunaan rokok elektrik, dan status penggunaan ganda rokok konvensional dan rokok elektrik. Hasil regresi menunjukkan bahwa harga alat mesin isap rokok elektrik, motivasi penggunaan rokok elektrik, jumlah rasa cairan rokok elektrik berpengaruh positif dan signifikan pada peningkatan pengeluaran rokok elektrik di Kota Bandung. Sedangkan pengetahuan mengenai resiko penggunaan rokok elektrik tidak signifikan mengurangi tingkat pengeluaran rokok elektrik di kota Bandung. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa status pengguna ganda rokok elektrik dan rokok konvensional berpengaruh negatif tetapi tidak signifikan pada pengeluaran rokok elektrik. Untuk mengurangi penggunaan rokok elektrik di Kota Bandung, pemerintah perlu meningkatkan kampanye kesehatan mengenai bahaya penggunaan rokok elektrik. Bahkan pemerintah seharusnya melarang penggunaan rokok elektrik karena pengaruh pengetahuan rokok elektrik yang tidak signifikan mengurangi konsumsi rokok elektrik.AbstractThis research aims to analyze the factors that affect expenditure decision on electronic cigarettes in Bandung. This research uses the Convenience Sampling and Slovin formula, interviews 200 users of e-cigarettes in Bandung. This paper uses Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) with STATA 12. Total expenditure per month in electronic cigarettes, the price of electronic cigarette suction machine tools, motivation in using electronic cigarettes, the amount of electronic cigarettes liquid taste, knowledge about the risk of using electronic cigarettes, and the status dual user of conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes are has been used as variables in this research. The regression result shows that the price of electronic cigarettes, motivation to use electronic cigarettes, the amount of electronic cigarettes liquid taste are positively and significantly correlated with the total expenditure per month for electronic cigarettes in Bandung. In the other hand, knowledge about the risk of using electronic cigarettes not significantly reduces electronic cigarette expenditure. This study also finds that the status of dual users of electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarettes has a negative but not significant effect on electronic cigarette expenditure. To reduce the use of electronic cigarettes, the government needs to increase health campaigns regarding the dangers of electronic cigarettes.Even the government must bans the use of electronic cigarettes because knowledge about electronic cigarettes risk has insignificant effect to reduce consumption of electronic cigarettes.

Background: Health personnel who demonstrated close contact with patients with COVID-19, might experience a higher risk of infection and psychological problems. This study aims to explore depressive, anxiety, and burnout symptoms among health care personnel with a higher risk for psychological trauma.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from an online assessment, which was conducted one month after the COVID-19 outbreak. A total of 544 respondents from 21 provinces in Indonesia were included. Data on depressive, anxiety, and burnout symptoms were transformed first using the Rasch model and then categorized. Data from health professionals in the higher risk group and the lower risk group were analyzed.Results: A higher percentage of health professionals experiencing depressive symptoms (22.8%), anxiety (28.1%), and burnout (26.8%) are found in the higher risk group. The chance for the higher risk group’s personnel to present with moderate and severe depressive symptoms, anxiety, and burnout are 5.28 (CI: 2.01–13.89; p < 0.05), 1.36 (CI: 0.09–1.96; p > 0.05), and 3.92 (CI: 2.08–7.40; p < 0.05) times higher, respectively. The probability for patient-induced burnout is 2.13 (CI: 1.51–3.007; p < 0.05) times higher and highest among the other burn out dimensions. The depressive symptoms complained were similar between groups: loneliness, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, and inability to initiate activities. Loneliness demonstrates the highest logit value among the symptoms.Conclusions: Health professionals with direct contact and responsibility to treat COVID-19 patients exhibit a higher risk to experience depressive symptoms and burnout. Communication with peers and staying in contact with family needs to be encouraged. Physiological well-being should be considered for high-risk health personnel. Incentive or insurance guaranteed by the government or institution is essential as a reward and compensation during this period.

Breastfeeding provide many good impacts on health and economics side. This study tries toestimate the economic impact of not breastfeeding due to diarrhea and PRD cases in NorthSumatera. The economic impact elaborated by finds health system medical cost and thepatient/non- medical cost. This paper calculates health system medical cost from publichospital, private hospital, and primary health center while the patient cost calculated from135 patients in 3 kinds of health facilities. This paper combines primary data with CensusData 2010 and IDHS 2012 to get total cost of not breastfeeding in North Sumatera. Thecosting process shows there are economic loss about US$1,290,582 with average cost aboutUS$ 13.48 in North Sumatera. The total cost consist of health system perspective costabout US$ 799,050 and patient costs about 491,532. This show that most of the cost comesfrom the health system cost/medical cost about 61.91% and the 38.09% borne from thepatient costs and non-medical cost