Resective therapy has been utilized in the treatment of furcation defects for over 100 years. This review article emphasis on the predisposing factors, indications, contraindications, diagnosis and treatment protocol for hemisection of mandibular molars.

Introduction: Endodontic treatment failures are caused by persistent or secondary infection due to inefficient cleaning or re-infection of the obturated root canal system because of coronal or apical leakage. Intrapulpal Injection (IPI) technique is the most commonly employed supplemental anaesthetic procedure and NaOCl is considered as gold standard irrigating solution. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the action of precipitate form by interaction between LA and Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCL) on sealing of root canal obturating material. Aim: To evaluate the effect of precipitate formed by interaction of local anaesthetic solution and NaOCl on the sealing ability of root canal obturation, using a push-out bond strength test. Materials and Methods: This was an in-vitro study from October 2019 to January 2020. In this study, forty single rooted premolars were selected and were randomly distributed equally into 4 groups with 10 specimens in each group, based on the test solutions employed. All the teeth were decoronated and the root length was standardised. Group I - irrigated with saline only, Group II- treated with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline 1:100,000 (2% LA) followed by 3% NaOCl, Group III - 2% LA followed by saline and 3% NaOCl, Group IV- 3% NaOCl followed by saline. All root canals were than instrumented using ProTaper Universal rotary system upto F3 and obturation was done using AH plus sealer and GuttaPercha. Sealing ability was evaluated using a micro push-out bond strength, with the help of a universal testing machine and data were analysed statistically. Results: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there is highly significant difference among the various groups (p <0.0001). Within the experimental groups, Group II showed minimum mean push out bond strength (16.39±2.40) as compared to Group III (21.83±1.25) and Group IV (22.50±2.12). Conclusion: Interaction of LA with NaOCl forms precipitate which blocks the dentinal tubules and reduces the mean push out bond strength. It is recommended to irrigate thoroughly with saline after intrapulpal injection (2%LA) before irrigating with NaOCl.

Introduction: When sealer is adapted well to the root canal wall, there is less tendency for microleakage and strength of root canal is enhanced. Therefore, it is important for the sealer to possess good tubular penetration depth and adaptation to dentinal walls. Aim: To compare the effects of sonic activation of 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and incorporation of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in AH Plus sealer on tubular sealer penetration. Materials and Methods: Forty extracted human mandibular premolars with a single root canal were used for this invitro study from October 2019 to January 2020. All teeth were prepared upto F3 with Pro Taper Universal rotary system. Teeth were randomly divided into four groups of 10 teeth each. Group I (control) included teeth obturated using AH plus sealer, Group II: teeth obturated using AH plus sealer incorporated with ZnO nanoparticles, Group III: teeth prepared along with sonic activation of the irrigant followed by obturation using AH plus sealer and Group IV: teeth prepared along with sonic activation of the irrigants followed by obturation with AH plus sealer incorporated with ZnO nanoparticles. Irrigation was achieved with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. The canals were dried and obturated using respective sealers and single gutta percha cones. After storage at 37°C and 100% humidity, the roots were split into two halves and sealer penetration in the dentinal tubules was examined by using scanning electron microscope. The values obtained were statistically analysed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with significant p-value less than 0.05. Results: In all the groups, sealer penetrated into the dentinal tubules. There was enhanced tubular sealer penetration (289.57±59.43 μm) after sonic activation of the irrigant (group 3) followed by that on addition of ZnO nanoparticles to the sealers (group 2) (278.21±71.24 μm) and the least was seen in the control group (group 1) (211.5±66.33 μm). The combined effect of both i.e., use of sonic activation of irrigant followed by obturation using modified sealer with gutta percha (group 4) (318.64±88.27 μm) showed greatest tubular sealer penetration depth. Conclusion: Incorporation of nanoparticles aids in improving sealer penetration which is further enhanced in case of sonic activation during irrigation.

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Introduction: Dental caries is a pandemic disease caused by Streptococcus mutans. Numerous preventive strategies have been developed to prevent dental caries with modern medicines. Recently, there has been a shift from use of modern medicines to herbal ayurvedic preparations which are easily available and cause least possible side effects but have not been tested against S. mutans. Aim: To evaluate antimicrobial value of Pudina, Tulsi and Curry leaves against S. mutans by modified direct contact test. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study used finely powdered form of Pudina, Tulsi and Curry leaves extracts (Hakim Chi Chi Pharmacy, Surat, India) without any added preservatives. The test microorganism S. mutans was isolated from human saliva using mitis salivarius agar. The Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) was determined using agar well diffusion for Group 1 (Tulsi), Group 2 (Pudina), Group 3 (Curry leaves) and Group 4 (Chlorhexidine). Using this MIC, modified Direct Contact Test was performed for specific evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of each product. Chlorhexidine (0.2%) was used as a positive control for the comparison of each product. The results of modified direct contact test were subjected to ANOVA Test and Tukey’s Test using SPSS software version 23.0 which showed that when compared against chlorhexidine, the antimicrobial efficacy against S. mutans in decreasing order was of curry leaves, tulsi and pudina and the result of the study was significant. Results: Curry leaves showed higher antimicrobial efficacy than tulsi and pudina when compared against chlorhexidine (control) and the results were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Curry leaf extract shows promising antimicrobial property against S. mutans and can be recommended for caries control with further investigations.