This study was conducted at the Ilu Gelan district Western Shewa zone of Oromia Regional State to evaluate the impacts of furrow dimensions on yield and water productivity of onion. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three treatments replicated four times. The experimental treatments including farmer practice or T1 (farmer practice with top width of 23 cm, bottom width of 13 cm and depth of 11 cm without determined flow rate), T2 (Furrow with top width of 45 cm, bottom width of 20 cm and depth of 12 cm with determined flow rate) and T3 (Furrow with top width of 35 cm, bottom width of 14 cm and depth of 10 cm with determined flow rate) having a plot size of 8 m × 5 m with spacing of 0.5 m × 1 m between plots and replications respectively. The highest application efficiency of (75.87%) was recorded under treatment T2 and the lowest application efficiency of (56.17%) was recorded from T1 that is, farmer practice when compared with other treatments. The highest distribution uniformity of (89%) was recorded from treatment T2 and lowest (81%) was from treatment T1. In terms of water productivity and yield of onion the highest values of 5.2 kg/m3 and 1952 kg/ha were recorded from T2 respectively. Similarly, lowest values 3.11 kg/m3 and 15088 kg/ha were obtained from T1 respectively. There were significance differences in plant height among all treatments at significance level of 5%. The highest (41.525 cm) was recorded from T2 and the lowest (39.275 cm) was obtained from T1. Further research covering all soil types is recommended to be more inclusive.

Determining water requirement and application frequency of tree seedlings is crucial to use available water effectively. This study estimated the Optimum water requirement and application frequency of tree seedlings: Grevillea robusta, Moringa olifera and Cordia africana at nursery site for the two consecutive years. The experiment was implemented during off-season; because of the objective of the study was to determine amount of water and frequency required for normal growth tree seedlings at nursery stage. Three different water application (1, 1.5, and 2 liters) and two irrigation frequencies (watering twice daily and watering twice after one day) and the control (Local practices) were combined with tree species. Seeds were sown directly into polythene bags in the traditional nursery site. Different growth parameters were collected and evaluated to estimate the optimum water requirement and watering frequency of different tree seedlings at nursery site. Growth parameters: root collar diameter (cm), height (cm), root depth (cm) and survival rate (%) were assessed during the nursery stage. The growth parameters measured were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The means were separated by Least Significant Difference (LSD; P ≤ 0.05). The result reveals that significant difference (P≤0.05) was observed among the three tree species growth parameters; root collar diameter, height and survival rate under different watering applications and irrigation frequencies. The average potential evapotranspiration of study area over the two consecutive years were 47 mm/month. The result indicated that, the growth performance of Moringa olifera and Grevillea robusta were better when watered twice daily with 1.5 liters of per a given plot. The growth performance of Cordia africana was good performed when watered twice after one day with 2 liters of water per a given plot. Also the result showed that Moringa olifera watered twice daily with 1.5 liters had the highest height of 50.74 cm followed by Moringa olifera watered twice after one day with 2 liters had height of 45.35 cm and while Grevillea robusta watered twice after one day with 1 liters had the least height 10.73 cm. The study therefore recommends that Moringa olifera and Grevillea robusta seedlings watered twice daily with 1.5 liters and Cordia Africana seedlings watered twice after one day with 2 liters per plot of water availability should be adopted in the area where warm humid climate and high potential evapotranspiration, since it ensures good growth performance of those tree seedlings species.

Background and Objective: The population growth and changing food preferences in Ethiopia have resulted in an increasing demand for wheat which results in the expansion of irrigated wheat production to ensure food self-sufficiency. This expansion of irrigated wheat production for sustainability needs the identification of potential stakeholders with their roles and constraints. Besides, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis is also very important. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at Jimma, Bunno Bedelle and East Wollega Zones of Western Oromia. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews with farmers, experts and unions were used. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the collected data. Results: Further expansion constraints like unavailability of inputs with skyrocketing prices, poor irrigation schemes performance, biotic stresses, insufficient farmersʼ skills and knowledge of the technologies, lack of financial sources, lack of local reliable market and shortage of modern schemes were identified as the major constraints to irrigated wheat production. The SWOT analysis has been done, showing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of irrigated wheat production. Conclusion: This new initiative knowledge should be useful through developing a regular input supply system, improving farmerʼs skills and knowledge, credit access to farmers, developing modern schemes, developing new disease-resistant varieties and strengthening market linkage by experts, policymakers, researchers and seed enterprise for better orienting investments on irrigated wheat production.