No abstract

Difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep, poor sleep quality, nightmares, and excessive daytime sleepiness are some of the key clinical symptoms of sleep disturbances observed among individuals with psychiatric illnesses. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of symptoms of sleep disorders including parasomnia, narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorder and restless leg syndrome/periodic limb movement (RLS/PLMS) and its correlates in patients with psychiatric diagnoses. Patients aged 21-65 years (n = 400) attending the outpatient clinics with a primary diagnosis of either schizophrenia, mood or anxiety disorder based on ICD-9 criteria were included in this cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic information was collected and screening questions pertaining to specific symptoms of sleep disorders were administered by a study team member. The overall prevalence of symptoms of sleep disorders in the psychiatric outpatient sample was 40.75% (163/400). The prevalence for symptoms of narcolepsy, sleep breathing disorder, PLMS/RLS, circadian rhythm disorder and parasomnia were 12.5%, 14.5%, 14.8%, 4.5%, and 13.8% respectively. These symptoms were associated with age, low physical activity, and anxiety disorder. Results highlight the high prevalence of symptoms of sleep disorders in psychiatric patients. Present study findings should be confirmed using diagnostic interviews and objective measures.

No abstract

With the new calling from DSM-5, clinicians treating psychiatric patients should view insomnia less as a symptom of their mental illnesses and treat clinical insomnia as a primary disorder. Patients should also be educated on the importance of reporting and treating their sleep complaints. Nonmedical (cognitive and behavioral) interventions for insomnia need to be further explored given their proven clinical effectiveness.

Analysis 3.1. Comparison 3 Staple foods fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients versus same unfortified staple foods, Outcome 1 Serum/plasma retinol (μmol/L