Poor traffic condition and severe road traffic congestion are an everlasting problem in metropolitan cities of India. With the rapid increase in vehicles, metropolitan cities of India are indispensably facing traffic congestion, which results in economic and environmental losses. This paper presents a system dynamics simulation model to reduce the traffic congestion by implementing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) in metropolitan cities of India. ITS refers to the interconnection of an adaptive and intelligent integration of vehicles, drivers, and the transportation system. The system dynamics simulation model aims to predict the impact of innovative and intelligent transportation strategies and their implementation in metropolitan cities of India. The developed system dynamics simulation model helps in improving the transportation system of metropolitan cities of India and also identifies crucial factors to relieve traffic congestion. It is found that implementation of developed system dynamics simulation model not only helps in reducing traffic congestion but also enhances safety and mobility. The innovative scientific contributions of this research study include system dynamics simulation model development and scenarios generation for reducing traffic congestion by improving reliability, safety and mobility.

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Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular oedema are caused by multiple  retina's capillary changes and increased retinal blood vessels permeability, which contributes to the emergence These treatments aren't always beneficial in all patients, and possible adverse effects can linger in a considerable number of people. One of the mechanisms that is found is the plasma  kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). The formation of intraocular KKS causes retina’s capillary permeability, vascular dilation, and retinal thickening in preclinical investigations. possibly distinct physiologic pathways, according to proteomic study from the vitreous of eyes with DME. Furthermore, proteins linked to substantially more closely linked to the KKS route than  discovered to be an effective way to reduce diabetic mice in preclinical investigations. An early phase I human study of a new plasma KKS inhibitor for the management of DME is now underway to assess the approach's safety and serve as a first step in translating basic science discoveries into a novel therapeutic involvement. Many years of study of the etiology plus treatment has transformed our understanding of the condition. Because neurodegenerative illness precedes and coexists with microvascular alterations, diabetic retinopathy is  characterised as a neurovascular disease rather than a capillary disease. The intricacies of the pathways implicated in various phases of disease severity, on the other hand, continue to be a difficult challenge for drug development. Laser photocoagulation is now one of the best investigation  for treating proliferative diabetic retinopathy, however it is rapidly being phased out for diabetic macular oedema. Inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor, which were recently discovered, are changing the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, particularly diabetic macular edema . Anyhow, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medicines do not work in all individuals, highlighting the reality that diabetic retinopathy is a complex illness. To improve our perceptive of how retinal anatomy affects visual function, more research is needed. This is expected to contribute to a greater knowledge of the disease phenotype based on therapy reactions to specific drugs, and also the creation of a strategy to improve the company of different phases of seriousness. In the Diabetes control and complications trial (DCCT) main preventive and secondary intervention cohorts were found to be older at baseline than the WESDR groups, with an elderly  age of finding, a lower haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, and more recurrent injections and monitor, but there were few other significant changes.