Recent advances in neuromorphic computing have established a computational framework that removes the processor-memory bottleneck evident in traditional von Neumann computing. Moreover, contemporary photonic circuits have addressed the limitations of electrical computational platforms to offer energy-efficient and parallel interconnects independently of the distance. When employed as synaptic interconnects with reconfigurable photonic elements, they can offer an analog platform capable of arbitrary linear matrix operations, including multiply–accumulate operation and convolution at extremely high speed and energy efficiency. Both all-optical and optoelectronic nonlinear transfer functions have been investigated for realizing neurons with photonic signals. A number of research efforts have reported orders of magnitude improvements estimated for computational throughput and energy efficiency. Compared to biological neural systems, achieving high scalability and density is challenging for such photonic neuromorphic systems. Recently developed tensor-train-decomposition methods and three-dimensional photonic integration technologies can potentially address both algorithmic and architectural scalability. This tutorial covers architectures, technologies, learning algorithms, and benchmarking for photonic and optoelectronic neuromorphic computers.

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The incidence of Alzheimer disease (AD) is rapidly increasing worldwide. Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction. Though some studies suggest potential management options for preventing AD symptom progression, there is currently no absolute way to fully prevent Alzheimer’s disease from occuring nor is there a curative treatment. Despite the few methods associated with preventing AD symptom progression, evidence strongly suggests that diet may play a role in slowing AD symptom progression and decreasing disease burden. In this review, we evaluated several diets to understand their respective association with AD symptoms and neuropathology. Overall, we found that the Mediterranean, Vegan, Vegetarian, Ketogenic and Paleo diets improve AD cognitive symptoms and decrease amyloid β peptide (Aβ), the principal toxic factor in AD. However, further research needs to be conducted to fully elucidate the relationship between these diets and AD.