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Electricity in the modern world holds the backbone of humanity and its demand is increasing every day. Due to multiple factors, in developing countries like India, the continuous supply of electricity seems to be far-fetched due to the constant shutting down of grids (because of severe climatic conditions). The well-known sources for the production of electricity are conventional energy sources, but their supply is limited and more importantly they cause pollution. These factors raise the need to utilize renewable energy sources to the fullest. Among the available renewable energy sources, solar photovoltaic (SPV) is mostly used. In the paper, a 4 kWp SPV plant has been proposed for a residential building in Motihari, Bihar, India. The SPV plant is designed in such a way that it would ensure continuous supply of electricity. The selected location gets an average of 1156.39 W/sq.m of solar irradiation, which produces a 4.6 kWh amount of electricity using a solar rooftop plant having a capacity of 1 kWp considering 5.5 sunshine hours. The designed 4 kWp SPV plant is analyzed using PVsyst V6.8.1 software. The analysis shows that the designed SPV plant saves around 113 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, which is equivalent to planting 181 trees over a lifetime.

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Optical fiber communication has been the most versatile and revolutionary medium of communication that has helped in connecting millions of people across the globe. These traits have seen tremendous development in the sector of optical fiber communication. There are now many desired qualities that are expected out of an optical fiber communication like large transmission capacity and a lesser amount of losses. Communication systems operating with higher transmission rates have found an essential role of non-linear fiber optics. The behaviour of light in non-linear media is dealt with non-linear optics. Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM) and Self-Phase Modulation (SPM) are a few non-linearities occurring in the optical fiber. Non-linear effects reduce the performances of optical fibers. In this paper, a comparative study of non-linear effects in Er-Yb co-doped Fiber are reviewed using simulation and the results are compared with optical systems utilizing normal fiber. Benefits of utilizing Er-Yb fiber has been demonstrated by analysing effective systems comprising the Er-Yb co-doped fiber and their ability to mitigate the non-linearities.

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