Teeth and mouth are a lifetime health investments for human. Various disease and anomaly of the teeth and mouth may impair the function of oral cavity; one of them is malocclusion, anomaly of the alignment of the teeth. Teeth in good position relative to the arch not only support the health of oral cavity, but also act as prerequisite for an attractive smile, ultimately improve the self-confidence and attractiveness of the individual. This research was done to evaluate the association between orthodontic treatment need and psychosocial status of the undergraduate students of University of Sumatera Utara (USU). The research was analytical in cross-sectional design. The result showed that the majority of samples were female (n=74, 37%), the largest number of samples was in medium psychosocial status (PIDAQ score 30.7-61.3) (n=93, 46.5%), and based on chi-square test, there was a significant association between orthodontic treatment need and psychosocial status of the students of USU (p=0.000).

The examination of static and dynamic occlusal relationship are important in orthodontic diagnosis. Thus, this study aims to analysis the difference of occlusal cant and favored chewing side. This is cross-sectional study of 70 healthy dental students Universitas Sumatera Utara with complete dentition and have no orthodontics treatment history. The position of tongue spatula across on occlusal of both first bicuspids to assess the existence and degree of the canting occlusal based on extra-oral photograph. The occlusal cant positive if it coincided to inter pupil as transversal references and sectioned with facial midline as a vertical reference more than 3º. A modified direct method- visual observation was done to assess the favored chewing side. A chi-square test with p level 0.05 in evaluation of the null hypothesis that states there was a difference of occlusal cant and favored chewing side in those subjects. From 36 subjects with cant occlusal positive, there were 26 subjects with and 10 subjects without favored chewing side. Then, from 34 subjects with cant occlusal negative, there were 14 subjects with and 20 subjects without favored chewing side. There was a significant difference (p=0.017) between occlusal cant and favored chewing side. Subjects with complete teeth showed that favored chewing side tendency of 3,714 more often had an occlusal cant positive compared to favored chewing side negative. In conclusion, the significant difference of occlusal cant and favored chewing side in subjects with complete dentition can be considered as a preliminary study in order to understand the complexity of development of mandibular asymmetry.

Context: Histological quantification of osteoclasts and osteoblasts can evaluate biological responses to orthodontic tooth movement. Histological analysis of bone samples can be technically challenging. Aims: To evaluate the differences between hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in quantifying osteoblast and osteoclast cells following the application of static orthodontic force. Methods: Orthodontic force was applied using a rubber separator around the maxilla incisor of Cavia porcellus. Tooth samples were taken at 0, 4, 8, 14, 21, and 28 days after applying orthodontic force. HE and IHC staining quantify osteoblast and osteoclast cells in the alveolar bone. IHC staining, i.e., Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, was used to identify osteoclasts, and osteocalcin (OCN) staining was used to identify osteoblasts. Results: Significantly higher numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts were observed with IHC compared to HE staining (p<0.05). Significant positive linear correlations in the numbers of osteoclasts (r = 0.757) and osteoblasts (r = 0.622) identified were observed between IHC and HE staining. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate HE staining may represent an acceptable alternative method of quantifying osteoclasts and osteoblasts in the preliminary research of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM).

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Correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion with camouflage orthodontic treatment generally requires the extraction of the maxillary first premolars to provide space for retraction of the maxillary incisors. Retraction of incisors changes the position of the incisors and the dimensions of the dental arch, which can cause changes in tongue posture and affect the upper airway. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between premolar extraction on the dimensions of upper airway and tongue posture in skeletal Class II malocclusion. This study was designed as a retrospective cohort using lateral cephalometric radiographs before and after orthodontic treatment. The samples in this study consisted of 44 samples of adult patients (n = 44) aged 18-40 years, who were divided into 2 groups: 22 subjects treated without premolar extraction and 22 subjects treated with premolar extraction. Lateral cephalometric radiographic analysis were used to measure the dimensions of the upper airway by analyzing superior posterior airway space (SPAS), middle airway space (MAS), inferior airway space (IAS), vertical airway length (VAL), and tongue posture (tongue length and height tongue) using imageJ software. No Statistically significant different changes were observed as seen from the following results: SPAS (p = 0.709), MAS (p = 0.365), IAS (p = 0.562), (p = 0.401), tongue length (p = 0.578), tongue height (p = 0.086) in the sample group without extraction premolar. No significant alterations in the upper airway and tongue posture measurement were observed in the sample group with extraction premolar. Premolar extraction with retraction on upper incisors did not affect upper airway dimensions and toung posture in skeletal Class II malocclusion.