Introduction: Hearing impairment is caused by damage in the inner ear (can be even birth defect), ear infection, ruptured eardrum and so on. It can be prevented using early detection thus, helps in avoiding severe psychosocial, educational, and linguistic repercussions. Infants, who are not diagnosed of hearing impairment before six months of age, will have delays in speech and language development. Aim: To determine the prevalence of hearing impairment in highrisk neonates and to establish the fact that, these neonates have higher prevalence of hearing impairment as compared to normal population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. The duration of the study was six months, from December 2012 to May 2013. A total of 500 babies including 297 normal and 203 high-risk babies were enrolled into the study. All the neonates were screened using Behavioural Observation Audiometry (BOA) and Distortion Product Oto-acoustic Emission (DPOAE) preferably within three days of life. Those, who failed under this test, underwent for Brain stem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA). Data was collected in the Microsoft Excel and analysis done by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: The mean age of the newborns on admission, was 3.86±4.25 days and the mean weight was 2560±510 g. Out of 500 newborns screened, 58 babies had abnormal results with the first screening test. When these 58 babies subjected to BERA, eight babies showed Hearing Loss (HL). Sepsis, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stay >5 days and use of aminoglycosides >7 days were the important risk factors associated with hearing impairment. Prevalence of hearing impairment in the present study was came out to be 16/1000. This finding was statistically significant with p-value<0.05. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of hearing impairment in high-risk newborns, majority of which were bilateral. The authors recommend multistage screening in all newborns at birth or within month’s time at all level of healthcare facility. Newborns with sepsis, NICU stay >5 days and use of aminoglycosides >7 days should have mandatory audiologic evaluation at discharge.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) is an infection caused by the presence and growth of microorganism anywhere in urinary tract. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy is 2% to 14% in India. Adverse maternal outcomes include symptomatic cystitis and development of pyelonephritis (in up to 30%) and preterm labor and delivery. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is an entity with possibly serious consequences in the form of fetal and maternal morbidity. 200 randomly selected pregnant women, attending outpatient or inpatient department of D Y Patil Hospital kadamwadi, were included in study. Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the study population was 19.5%. Common pathogen was E. coli occuring in 48.7%. The most sensitive antibiotic was nitrofurantoin. Maternal morbidity was higher in those with asymptomatic bacteriuria 76.9%. Those without asymptomatic bacteriuria had lesser morbidity 31.7%. Maternal morbidity spontaneous were miscarriage 7.7%, preterm labour 13.9%, premature rupture of membrane 13.9%. Fetal morbidity was higher in those whose mothers had asymptomatic bacteriuria. Fetal morbidity were prematurity 11.1%, low birth weight 8.3% were significantly increased. If unrecognized and un-treated, ASB leads to adverse perinatal outcome. We conclude that, all pregnant women are to be screened for ASB, preferably in the pre-conceptional period or at-least in the 1st trimester.

Background: Oligohydramnios has traditionally been associated with adverse materno-fetal outcome. Oligohydramnios without having any underlying pathology had been termed as idiopathic oligohydramnios. Management of idiopathic oligohydramnios had remained always a grey area for obstetrician. Before the advent of ultrasound clinicians had to rely on abdominal palpation and fundal measurements to detect abnormal fluid volume. The condition is usually severe when oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios is detected by clinical examination. With the development of ultrasound imaging the amniotic fluid volume assessment has progressed from a stage of subjective impression to the present state in which relatively sophisticated judgements of fetal conditions can be based on reproducible measurements. Methodology: This study consists of an analysis of pregnancy outcome in 50 cases with diagnosis of oligohydramnios (AFI less than 5) by ultrasound after 37 completed weeks of gestation compared with 50 controls with no oligohydramnios (AFI more than 8) and matched for other variables like age, parity, gestational age and any pregnancy complication. Results: Idiopathic oligohydramnios is associated with increased risk of LSCS (22%), Meconium stained liquor (18%), neonatal NICU admisisson (4%) and abnormal ctg (6%). Conclusion: An amniotic fluid index of < 5 cm detected after 37 completed weeks of gestation in a low risk pregnancy is an indicator of poor pregnancy outcome. Determination of AFI can be used as an adjunct to other fetal surveillance methods. Determination of AFI is a valuable screening test for predicting fetal distress in labor requiring cesarean section.

Background: Cancer cervix, a preventable disease continues to be a cause of great concern to women’s health, being associated with agonizing morbidity and high mortality. Approximately 493,100 new cases and more than 273,000 deaths occur each year, among women worldwide.IN India the screening is largely based on pap smear, which is cumbersome procedure due to transportation of samples and follow up of patients are not usually feasible. Visual inspection with Acetic acid (VIA) is simple and easy to teach procedure. Follow-up of patients usually doesn’t require.Methods: This study includes a total of 1000 patients who attended OPD of gynecology. Each patient is subjected to VIA examination. Biopsy is taken from women with abnormal findings on VIA. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity and positive predictive value of inspection of cervix with acetic acid in precancerous lesions of cervix.Results: When biopsy is taken as reference standard, VIA has sensitivity of 97.7%, specificity of 76.6%, PPV of 62.9% and NPV of 98.5%. The accuracy rate for VIA is 84.8%.Conclusions: VIA is highly sensitive for diagnosis and treatment of cervical pathology at the same sitting. It can be done cost effectively in low resource set up.