Mutations in tubby like protein 1 gene (TULP1) are causative of early-onset recessive inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs); similarly, the Tulp1-/-mouse is also characterized by a rapid IRD. Tulp1 mRNA and protein expression was analyzed in wild type mouse retinas and expression data sets (NCBI) during early postnatal development. Comparative histology was undertaken in Tulp1-/-, rhodopsin-/-(Rho-/-) and retinal degeneration slow-/-(Rds-/-) mouse retinas. Bioinformatic analysis of predicted TULP1 interactors and IRD genes was performed. Peak expression of Tulp1 in healthy mouse retinas was detected at p8; of note, TULP1 was detected in both the outer and inner retina. Bioinformatic analysis indicated Tulp1 expression in retinal progenitor, photoreceptor and non-photoreceptor cells. While common features of photoreceptor degeneration were detected in Tulp1-/-, Rho-/-, and Rds-/-retinas, other alterations in bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells were specific to Tulp1-/-mice. Additionally, predicted TULP1 interactors differed in various retinal cell types and new functions for TULP1 were suggested. A pilot bioinformatic analysis indicated that in a similar fashion to Tulp1, many other IRD genes were expressed in both inner and outer retinal cells at p4-p7. Our data indicate that expression of Tulp1 extends to multiple retinal cell types; lack of TULP1 may lead to primary degeneration not only of photoreceptor but also non-photoreceptor cells. Predicted interactors suggest widespread retinal functions for TULP1. Early and widespread expression of TULP1 and some other IRD genes in both the inner and outer retina highlights potential hurdles in the development of treatments for these IRDs.

With marketing approval of the first ocular gene therapy, and other gene therapies in clinical trial, treatments for inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs) have become a reality. Biallelic mutations in the tubby like protein 1 gene ( TULP1 ) are causative of IRDs in humans; a mouse knock-out model ( Tulp1−/− ) is characterized by a similar disease phenotype. We developed a Tulp1 supplementation therapy for Tulp1−/− mice. Utilizing subretinal AAV2/5 delivery at postnatal day (p)2–3 and rhodopsin-kinase promoter ( GRK1P ) we targeted Tulp1 to photoreceptor cells exploring three doses, 2.2E9, 3.7E8, and 1.2E8 vgs. Tulp1 mRNA and TULP1 protein were assessed by RT-qPCR, western blot and immunocytochemistry, and visual function by electroretinography. Our results indicate that TULP1 was expressed in photoreceptors; achieved levels of Tulp1 mRNA and protein were similar to wild type levels at p20. However, the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) did not improve in treated Tulp1−/− mice. There was a small and transient electroretinography benefit in the treated retinas at 4 weeks of age (not observed by 6 weeks) when using 3.7E8 vg dose. Dark-adapted mixed rod and cone a- and b-wave amplitudes were 24.3 ± 13.5 μV and 52.2 ± 31.7 μV in treated Tulp1−/− mice, which were significantly different ( p < 0.001, t -test), from those detected in untreated eyes (7.1 ± 7.0 μV and 9.4 ± 15.1 μV, respectively). Our results indicate that Tulp1 supplementation in photoreceptors may not be sufficient to provide robust benefit in Tulp1−/− mice. As such, further studies are required to fine tune the Tulp1 supplementation therapy, which, in principle, should rescue the Tulp1−/− phenotype.

The modern food industry seeks to produce ecologically healthy and clean food products. However, finding effective means of storing raw materials without losing their quality is still a major problem faced by the industry. One of the promising methods on long-term storage of grain bases for good quality and safety is the ion-ozone cavitation treatment. Therefore, this study aims to determine the influence of various ion-ozone treatment parameters on the quality and safety factors of millet, buckwheat, chickpea, and lentil grain bases at the Food Quality and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Almaty University of Technology, Almaty, Kazakhstan. With ozonation, the buckwheat grain bases showed a significant increase in fatty acids, the millet and chickpea grains showed a slight increase, while the lentil seeds exhibited a slight decrease in fatty acids compared to the control. Overall, by treating with a low concentration of ion-ozone, the buckwheat showed fewer microorganisms; in chickpea grains the molds and yeast did not develop; in millet grains the yeast was absent and molds were not higher than control; and in lentil grain bases, the permissible yeast growth with no molds was observed. The storage life of extruded grain bases after ion-ozone cavitation treatment increased by a minimum of 60 days (millet) and to more than 240 days (buckwheat). The optimum basic parameters were determined, ensuring a maximum shelf life of up to eight months without losing the quality of the cereals and legume grain products. The said procedure was found as an effective measure for long-term storage of the extruded grain bases with sustainable safety and quality.

The object of research reported in this paper is grain and leguminous crops of Kazakhstan. Grains and leguminous crops, as well as products that are made from them, are of great importance in human nutrition because they are sources of protein, fat, carbohydrates, some vitamins, and macro and microelements. They contain plant fibers, as well as a number of biologically active substances necessary for the normal functioning of the entire human body. At the same time, modern technologies for processing and manufacturing products from cereals are associated with significant losses of nutrients embedded in them by nature when producing refined products. The problem that needs to be solved is to study the impact exerted on grain crops by various processing techniques and to propose the most optimal ones that make it possible to maximally preserve the nutrients of grain raw materials laid down by nature. A comparative study of the following grain processing techniques was carried out: micronization, extrusion, germination, and fine grinding. Processing modes have been proposed, which could significantly reduce the loss of useful substances of the grain. The chemical and vitamin composition of processed products has been studied. It was established that fine grinding and extrusion processing are the most acceptable because they allowed the use of grain without separating the shells containing the main nutrients of the grain. The suggested processing modes contribute to the production of grain bases and additives with the most optimal vitamin-mineral formulation. This study's results contributed to a better understanding of the impact of the examined techniques for processing grains and legumes on the vitamin-mineral complex of the resulting products. Grain processing modes can be recommended for practical application.

В статье дана общая характеристика хлебопекарных добавок и улучшителей, виды, цели и технология использования. Представлены показатели качества и безопасности хлебопекарных добавок. Рассмотрены в качестве добавок тонкодисперсные порошки из зерновых, зернобобовых культур и отрубей из них. В результате изучения химических и микробиологических показателей тонкодисперсных порошков из зерновых и бобовых культур были отобраны: тонкодисперсные порошки из пшеницы, овса, гречихи и чечевицы, как наиболее полноценные по пищевой ценности с целью дальнейшего изучения возможности получения из них специальных добавок или использования их в качестве хлебопекарных улучшителей. Массовая доля белка в исследованных образцах варьировала от 9,05 до 22,82%. Наибольшее количество белка из рассмотренных тонкодисперсных порошков содержится в порошке из чечевицы (22,82%). Массовая доля клетчатки находилась в пределах от 8,81 до 13,13% с наибольшим содержанием в тонкодисперсном порошке из гречихи (13,13%). В результате анализа химического состава тонкодисперсных порошков из зерновых и бобовых культур для дальнейшей сравнительной характеристики были отобраны: тонкодисперсные порошки из пшеницы, овса, гречихи и чечевицы, как наиболее полноценные по пищевой ценности.