This work reviews the current state of the art for pineapple production in Malaysia from the perspective of mechanization and automation. It examines the issues and challenges facing this industry. The review has led us to the conclusion that pineapple production still relies heavily on manual labour. The problems facing this industry is no different than other food crops in that low yield labour and high cost are the primary issues that need to be tackled. Although numerous engineering research work to overcome production issues has been done for crops such as rice and maize, engineering research for pineapples has been scarce. The lack of engineering research literature on this crop presents an opportunity for the scientific community to invest effort in this relatively untapped industry. This work further proposes areas where the use of Industry 4.0 technologies can be exploited in order to increase productivity and reduce input costs. Cyber-physical systems that could address issues in planting, crop maintenance and harvesting are put forth as a possible solution.

Limitations and shortages of fresh water often occur problems especially for coastal communities, port areas and other areas with minimal water supply. The need and limitations of fresh water can cause distribution which is hampered due to lack of monitoring and distribution in the field, so that the distribution and distribution are evenly distributed. The purpose of this study is to overcome the problems that occur by designing and simulating tools that regulate the distribution of fresh water. The system works when the water flow sensor calculates the flow of water that passes through it and after reaching the maximum capacity previously set, the solenoid valve will automatically stop the distribution of water, so that every citizen who has the right to receive fresh water will get according to his daily allowance. In designing the simulation design there are several obstacles to the unavailability of several sensors needed, such as water flow sensors and solenoids for which we make alternative solutions by making logic C ++ algorithm in Arduino Uno R3.

In Malaysia, Pineapple is a one of tropical crop that contributes in generating Malaysian economy. Pineapple is mostly planted on mineral and peat soils, where each has different practices and approaches. In Peat soil condition, nowadays farmers normally managed the pineapple residues by using a chemical to kill and fire to burn before it been replanted. This is common practice to remove the pineapple residues. With this method soil fertility can be affected and open burning will be polluting the environment, as the government nowadays recommending toward green approach.(1) In the 9th Malaysian plan (RMK-9), MARDI has come out with a machine to shred and plough pineapple plant residues back into the soil which are practiced for mineral soil. The machine is adopting a motivator concept. Unfortunately, the machine had the unsatisfied result because the plants were not chopped into small pieces but only separated into a few large parts. (2) In the 11th Malaysian plan (RMK-11), the development of a new concept and prototype with a double rotor drum, design type blade, special blade arrangement and speed gave a promising result in a way to manage the residues of pineapple plants easily without chemical or fire. (3)(4)The objective of the study is based on the design of the machined with double rotor drum shredding that can been conceded as normally rotovator but which has resulted in fine and easy disposal pineapple plant residues.

After the pineapple crop is 15 months old, the pineapple will be harvested and pruning process will be done before fertilization work begin. Normally in conventional method, farmers will use a sharp machete or sickle to pruning the leave since pineapple leaves and cob have a high fibers content causing the leaves and cob break easily. The convention method requires a lot of time as well as the need for a large labor force, and the cost of production would also increase in this regard. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance and effectiveness pruning using a mechanization approach compare to the conventional method in pruning the pineapple crop. In 11th Malaysia plan (RMK-11) a new concept and prototype were developed with 2 blade disc type, powered by gearbox 1:3 ratio and adjustable height for peat soil condition. Using of 38hp of tractor high clearance rubber trek with powered by PTO (Power take off) speed 540 and rpm 1500.The height of the cutter blade can be adjustable according to the height of the crop needed to be pruned. The machine capable working rate is 0.86 ha/hour, speed tractor is 2.03km/hour and the machine efficiency are 92 %. Machined time operation is up to 1.2 hour/ha and operating for 8.4 ha/per-day. As a result, the machine seems have a clean-cut result on pineapple leaves and cob without breaking the pineapple crop.

Fertilisation in grain corn production is an important stage that must be done properly in terms of the amount of fertiliser used to reduce wastage and ensure crop growth. A fertilising implement brand Gasprado, was calibrated and evaluated for its performance to apply urea to grain corn crops at MARDI Seberang Perai, Pulau Pinang. Calibration was conducted to set the right metering for the device's opening to drop  urea that  meets the application rate of 130kg/ha. This was done by measuring the amount of urea dropped for a particular setting and distance. The machine has four metering devices which were labelled as MD1, MD2, MD3 and MD4. Additionally, the fertiliser applicator also comes with spring tine cultivating devices. The implement was tested for fertilising 56 rows of grain corn in the distance of 62 m long. The times taken for the tractor to finish four rows per run along the 62-m distance and to turn at the headland were recorded to evaluate the performance. The implement's metering devices MD1, MD2, MD3 and MD4 were calibrated at setting scales of B-1.5, B-0, B-0 and B-0, respectively that gave the urea application rate of 133 kg/ha, which was the nearest rate to the recommendation. The average working speed of the operation was at 4.08 km/h with the theoretical field capacity to be at 1.224 ha/h. Meanwhile, the machine's effective field capacity was 0.5208 ha/h, which had a field efficiency of 42.5 % for the particular farm design. The use of machine can speed up the operation of applying fertiliser to the grain corn crop but the performance is dependent on the farm layout.