Vascular calcification contributes to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease while matrix Gla protein (MGP) was recently identified as a potent inhibitor of vascular calcification. MGP fractions, such as dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP), lack post-translational modifications and are less efficient in vascular calcification inhibition. We sought to compare dp-ucMGP levels between patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stratified by ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) status. Physical examination and clinical data, along with plasma dp-ucMGP levels, were obtained from 90 consecutive ACS patients. We observed that levels of dp-ucMGP were significantly higher in patients with NSTEMI compared to STEMI patients (1063.4 ± 518.6 vs. 742.7 ± 166.6 pmol/L, p < 0.001). NSTEMI status and positive family history of cardiovascular diseases were only independent predictors of the highest tertile of dp-ucMGP levels. Among those with NSTEMI, patients at a high risk of in-hospital mortality (adjudicated by GRACE score) had significantly higher levels of dp-ucMGP compared to non-high-risk patients (1417.8 ± 956.8 vs. 984.6 ± 335.0 pmol/L, p = 0.030). Altogether, our findings suggest that higher dp-ucMGP levels likely reflect higher calcification burden in ACS patients and might aid in the identification of NSTEMI patients at increased risk of in-hospital mortality. Furthermore, observed dp-ucMGP levels might reflect differences in atherosclerotic plaque pathobiology between patients with STEMI and NSTEMI.

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Although the role of inflammation and adverse cardiac remodeling in myocardial infarction (MI) have been extensively explored, gaps in knowledge on the complex interaction between these processes still exist. Data suggest that DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1), an activating receptor implicated in NK cell education, may be involved in cardiac remodeling following coronary artery occlusion. In the present study, we aimed to explore the dynamic of DNAM-1+ monocytes and NK cells in peripheral blood in the early phase following reperfusion in patients with ST-elevation MI (STEMI). The study enrolled 49 patients older than 18 years of age diagnosed with STEMI, referred to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Blood samples were obtained at three distinct points (at admission, 3 h, and 24 h after pPCI) and analyzed using flow cytometry. The number of circulating DNAM-1+ monocytes (CD16++ and CD14++) and CD56dimCD16++NK cells was significantly reduced 3 h after pPCI and subsequently returned to initial levels 24 h after procedure (p = 0.003, p < 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively). Notably, such dynamic was dependent on age of patients. A positive correlation between high sensitivity troponin I levels and number of CD16++DNAM-1+ monocytes in peripheral blood 3 h after pPCI was observed (r = 0.431, p = 0.003). In conclusion, in the present study we delineated the post-reperfusion dynamic of DNAM-1-expresing leukocytes. Additionally, we demonstrated that the number of CD16++ DNAM-1+ monocytes correlate with the extent of myocardial injury.

The “Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines” (CRUSADE) score emerged as a predictor of major bleeding in patients presenting with the acute coronary syndrome. On the other hand, previous studies established the association of dephosphorylated-uncarboxylated Matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP) and vitamin K, as well as their subsequent impact on coagulation cascade and bleeding tendency. Therefore, in the present study, we explored if dp-ucMGP plasma levels were associated with CRUSADE bleeding score. In this cross-sectional study, physical examination and clinical data, including plasma dp-ucMGP levels, were obtained from 80 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A significant positive correlation was found between CRUSADE bleeding score and both dp-ucMGP plasma levels (r = 0.442, p < 0.001) and risk score of in-hospital mortality (r = 0.520, p < 0.001), respectively. In comparing the three risk groups of risk for in-hospital bleeding, the high/very high-risk group had significantly higher dp-ucMGP levels from both very low/low group (1277 vs. 794 pmol/L, p < 0.001) and the moderate group (1277 vs. 941 pmol/L, p = 0.047). Overall, since higher dp-ucMGP levels were associated with elevated CRUSADE score and prolonged hemostasis parameters, this may suggest that there is a biological link between dp-ucMGP plasma levels and the risk of bleeding in patients who present with AMI.