Introduction:Osteoarthritis (OA) or arthrosis represents an inflammatory disease of joints that develops as a result of interaction of mechanical and biological parameters. With disease development, degenerative changes on joint cartilage can be noticeable that affect and cause pathological changes on other parts of a joint resulting in pain and dysfunction of a joint. A. E. Garrod in 1907 described osteoarthritis as a special clinical entity and separated it from a rheumatoid arthritis. OA is characterized with loss of a joint cartilage, development of new bone tissue under affected cartilage (subchondral bone) and development of osteophytes on joint edge. First sign of a disease is pain after period of relaxation that slowly intensifies.Material and Methods:In this paper, 40 patients have been analyzed with clinical and radiological signs of OA of the knee joint. Radiological classification was done by Ahlback’s classification.Results:In our study female gender was more affected with average age of 63 years. On Ahlback classification, grade II was represented the most. Comparison between clinical and radiological signs showed that there was no significant difference between established grade of OA. Wide spectrum of visible radiological osteoarthritis changes on joints is in correlation with the age of examinees.

Introduction:Infections occurring in the wound as a consequence of the surgery represent the surgical field infections (SFI). Tibia diaphysis fractures are common due to its exposure to the external force. Clinical signs include: pain, swelling, lower leg deformity and skin changes. Tibia in the lower extremities has an eccentric position - from the front inner side it is covered only with the skin and from the back and the outer by muscle mass. The most common pathogens are: Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococcoc aureus or S. Epidermitis, Escherichia coli, and other. For the fracture fusion process, it is important that the skin and subcutaneous tissue above the fracture are well supplied with the blood. The American Association of Anesthesiologists defined the so-called ASA score, based on which all patients are divided into five categories according to health status before surgery.Goal:The goal of the study is to demonstrate the influence of risk factors on the occurrence of infection following osteosynthesis of tibial diaphysis, comparing emergency surgical interventions with elective.Material and methods:The study was conducted at the Clinic for Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Clinical Center of Sarajevo University during 2015 and 2016, with a total of 68 patients.Results:The age of the patient as risk factor is evident in our study, because deeper infections have had patients at the age over 60 with accompanying diseases such as Diabetes mellitus. Most of the hospitalized patients had a good health status prior to surgery, or they had ASA 1 or ASA 2 score. Surgical field infections were more common in men than in women, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Patients who are operated as an elective surgery have longer hospitalization and more frequent surgical field infection. Also, infections are more common among smokers.

We believe that preoperative ultrasound analysis performed during the simulation of operative positions is a useful pre-operative test that can identify patients at risk of developing postoperative DVT. We would recommend that during surgery procedure to minimise forced position of knee flexion.

Purpose The purpose of this research was (1) to evaluate the consequences of an operative treatment of hip developmental disorder in children, (2) to evaluate the significance of hip vascular supply in children through indirect radiological signs, such as morphological changes on femoral head, and to classify them with standard classification methods, and (3) to analyse the research results and make a recommendation for the following treatment dilemma: when is the optimal time for an operative treatment of a hip development disorder? Methods The research is a retrospective and observational analysis based on the classification of indirect radiological signs of local vascular disorder by the Bucholz-Ogden's scale. Materials used for this research are medical records of treated patients at the Clinic for Orthopaedics and Traumatology of the Sarajevo University Clinical Centre. Using a random selection, two groups of 30 patients with hip development disorder were formed. The first group was comprised of patients aged six to 18 months and the second group of patients aged 18-60 months. The medical records used for this research included all necessary anamnestic details and postoperative state treatments with clinical findings and regular radiological check-up findings that include the presence or absence of the ossification nucleus as well as its position. All patients underwent surgery with the same operative technique. Data analysis points include the state at the beginning of the treatment, the postoperative state, the state at discharge as well as control findings that followed the development of the proximal femoral part up to 72 months on average. The analysis covered data such as age, sex, family anamnestic data, clinical findings and radiological findings regarding the femoral head morphology (appearance, size, shape, position and indirect signs showing lack of vascular supply). In addition, data analysis included the types of any previous conservative or operative treatments, the duration of previous conservative treatments and repeated hospitalization. Results In group 1, 86.6 % were female patients and 80 % in group 2. Family history was positive in 15.6 % in group 1 and 13.3 % in group 2. A total of 51.6 % of all patients started walking on time, while the rest had problems with verticalization. Of all patients, 47 % did not undergo any kind of prior treatment. Only 62.2 % of group 1 patients had ossification nucleus present, while the entire group 2 had it present. Results showed that 24.32 % of group 1 patients had none or minimal signs of avascular necrosis (AVN) while 39.47 % of group 2 had none or minimal signs of AVN; 60.52 % of group 2 patients had signs of AVN. Conclusion The results of this study show that the performance of a surgical treatment during the age between 12 and 20 months is burdened by the highest percentage of avascular necrosis. Even though AVN can be noticed in other age groups, according to the results of our research, it seems that vascular supply of the hip is the mos...

Every long bone fracture in orthopedic surgery represents a possible scenario for development of embolism complication, especially the fat embolism. There is no scientific explanation why fat embolism occurs and what are the hypotheses for development of fat embolism or the proper way of prevention, but just speculations and possible theories in the evolution of the clinical picture of fat embolism syndrome. Throughout this chapter, the authors will explain the possible theories of development of fat embolism, risk factors, pathology, and pathophysiology during progress of the clinical picture and signs of the fat embolism syndrome and therapy.