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Purpose – This work aimed to study the effect of environment resistivity and distance between cathode and anode on the required cathodic protection current density of buried carbon steel pipes and determine the impressed current that gives full protection to bare and coated pipes by two different coatings. Design/methodology/approach – The experimental apparatus is an electrochemical cell composed of carbon steel pipe of 10 cm in length as a working electrode in addition to reference and auxiliary electrodes and direct current power supply. The cathodic protection tests were carried out in five solutions of different concentrations of sodium chloride and distilled water with different resistivities. Findings – It was found that the cathodic protection current density increased with a decrease in environment resistivity and increase in the distance between cathode and anode. Additionally, the cathodic protection current density of coated pipes by two different polymers increased with a decrease in the environment resistivity and increasing number of coating defects. Originality/value – icp = D/A + B?2, where: icp = cathodic protection current density; D = distance between anode and cathode; ? = environment resistivity; A = constant (0.2104); and B = constant (0.864 × 10−6).

Nanomaterials have attractive properties. They are employed in different fields of science, such as materials engineering, medicine, the environment and many technological applications. Transition metal oxides, such as CuO, are strong candidates for many scientific applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In this research, CuO nanoparticles were prepared using the nonorganic sol-gel technique under controlled conditions. The precursor of the sol-gel process was cupric chloride with NaOH as the stabilising agent. The aqueous solution was altered with two pH values to study their effect on the final precipitate. The prepared CuO nanoparticles were evaluated by XRD, particle size analyser, SEM and visually.