Background. Phosphorites in the mining area of Hahotoé-Kpogamé contain high levels of fluoride that can cause illness among people living close to the mining and processing sites. Objectives. To assess the distribution of fluoride in the different areas around the phosphorite mining areas in Togo. Methods. Analyses were performed by molecular absorption spectrometer (HACH DR3800) according to the procedure manual at the geochemical laboratory of the University of Lomé. The sodium 2-(parasulfophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalenedisulfonate (SPADNS) method was used to determine fluoride contents and the PhosVer® 3 with acid persulfate digestion method was used to measure phosphorus pentoxide (P 2 O 5). GraphPad Prism version 3.0 software was used for the data processing. Results. The surface water of the mining sites had a fluoride content ranging from 0.38 to 3.52 mg/l (average = 1.33 mg/l; n = 10, n is the number of samples). Groundwater in this area had a fluoride content between 0.15 mg/l and 1.39 mg/l (average = 0.58 mg/l, n = 15). In the groundwater in the villages around the phosphorite processing plant, the fluoride content ranged between 0.15 and 0.63 mg/l (average = 0.41 mg/l; n = 22). The fluoride content in the water of the phosphorite mining area was higher than in Gbodjomé (reference area). Meanwhile, assessment of the effluents discharged into the ocean had a fluoride content ranging from 12 to 20 mg/l. In dusts, the P 2 O 5 and fluoride contents were 36.02% and 1.85%, respectively. Vegetables from the local market garden produce showed levels of fluoride up to 2.06%. The average contents of P 2 O 5 and fluoride in one of the phosphorite profiles were 32.38% and 3.00%, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between P 2 O 5 and fluoride. Conclusions. The correlation between P 2 O 5 and fluoride in phosphorites shows that phosphorite mining is the main source of fluoride pollution in this area.
Les déchets du traitement des phosphates au Togo renferment des métaux lourds à l'origine de la contamination des sols, l'air, l'eau, la faune et la flore. Ce qui constitue un danger pour la santé des populations exposées. La présente étude a pour but d'évaluer les taux sanguins des métaux lourds chez les sujets exposés. Ainsi, les teneurs en cadmium, plomb, cuivre et nickel du sang ont été déterminées au spectrophotomètre d'absorption atomique chez 260 sujets dont 173 employés, 60 riverains de l'usine et 27 sujets témoins. Les résultats montrent que les valeurs moyennes des métaux lourds sont significativement plus élevées (p < 0,001) chez les travailleurs et les riverains de l'usine. La prévalence de la bioconcentration chez les sujets exposés varie en fonction du degré de contamination par les poussières de phosphate. Elle serait liée soit à la consommation d'aliments contaminés, soit à la durée de l'exposition aux métaux lourds. Ces résultats confirment une contamination importante et des risques sanitaires graves chez les sujets étudiés. Ce qui devrait permettre la mise en place dans l'usine de programmes efficaces et des mesures adéquates pour une meilleure protection des employés et une réduction sensible de la pollution des localités riveraines.
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