<p>Financial Accounting Standards for Entities Without Public Accountability (FAS-EWPA) is a financial accounting standards issued by The<em> </em><em>Indonesian Institute of Accountants</em> or <em>Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia</em> (IAI) and endorsed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board of Indonesian Accountants or <em>Dewan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia </em>(DSAK IAI) and intended for small and medium enterprises. The underlying priciple of IAI in issuing this particular standards is the attempt to facilitate small and medium enterprises in arranging their financial reports. If this standard is not issued, they have to follow the new FAS (which is stage of adopting IFRS – full convergence 2012) to arrange their financial reports. The application of this FAS-EWPA based IFRS is relatively more complex and expensive for small and medium enterprises. FAS-EWPA adopted some parts of IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) for small-medium enterprises (IFRS for Small-Medium-sized Entities/SMEs). This study aims to describe the layout of the difference measurement, assessment, report and the implementation of auditing standards between FAS-IFRS and FAS-EWPA. This study employed descriptive qualitative technique of data analysis by reviewing literature and analysing the field concerning with the implementation of Financial Accounting Standards Statements (FASS) and FAS-EWPA. Specifically, the secondary data of this study are FAS-IFRS and FAS-EWPA. The findings shows that there is a difference presentation and disclosure of financial statements between entities which report using FAS-IFRS and FAS-EWPA. Therefore the perceived program and audit procedures will be different because it will be tailored to the presentation and objectives the audit, suppose that in the implementation of FASS and EWPA, there is a difference in the assertions about the disclosure/presentation. For other assertions about existence, completeness, rights and obligations as well as assessment and allocation, basically, between FASS and EWPA, they have a common concept. While in presentation assertions as has been described earlier, the FAS-EWPA has a simpler form than with FASS, therefore there is a definitely difference in terms of the presentation between the two.</p> <p><em> </em></p> <p><em> </em></p>

This study also explains some of the variables used. The following is an explanation of the review literature and the development of research hypotheses:

This empirical research analyzes the director's and executive's expertise on the leverage of Indonesian manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2018. Ordinary Least Squares were used to answer the research problems and test the hypotheses. The leverage was measured using Total Short-Term Debt (STD), Total Long-Term Debt (LTD), and Total Debt in Book Value (TDBV). At the same time, the director's and executive's expertise is proxied by postgraduate and professional degrees in finance or accounting. This study finds that a director's professional degree in finance or accounting influences leverage by LTD but does not significantly affect leverage proxied by TDBV and STD. Then, an executive's postgraduate degree significantly impacts leverage proxied by TDBV and STD but does not significantly influence leverage proxied by LTD. Furthermore, the director's postgraduate degree and executive's professional degree in finance and accounting do not affect leverage in all proxies. In control variables, significant influences were found in the effects of firm size on LTD and STD, profitability proxied by ROA on LTD, profitability proxied by ROE on STD, and growth on LTD. Meanwhile, firm age, Non-Debt Tax Shield (NDTS), Earnings Volatility (EVO), and Tangibility (Tang) do not affect leverage in all proxies.