Dynamic wake models have developed over the years based on the desire to develop realistic rotorcraft response tools that could be used in various design and simulation applications. Early work concentrated on correlation with experimental data in both the frequency and time domain for rotors in hover and forward flight. More recent developments have extended these models to include effects of wake curvature and quasi-steady ground plane interactions. The most recent developments have focused on extension of these models to include all three components of flow velocity and not just on the rotor disk, the latter which could encompass applications to unsteady ground effect problems and mass injection at the rotor.

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