Overactive bladder syndrome is a chronic, disabling condition with physical, psychological and social consequences that significantly affects the quality of life of millions of patients worldwide. The economic impact of this disorder is crucial. Overactive bladder syndrome is a little-known condition, with different manifestations from patient to patient, which causes a great deal of frustration to the medical staff involved. The patient requires a clear explanation and the full support of the attending physician. It is extremely important to establish a correct diagnosis and an effective individualized treatment. The collaboration and understanding of these patients are extremely important aspects. Improving the quality of life in these patients is the main purpose in managing this condition. There are several treatment modalities that may be used progressively, with favorable albeit inconsistent results. This condition remains extremely challenging for specialists and, unfortunately, always one of maximum interest. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Risk factors 3. Pathophysiology of OAB syndrome 4. Evaluation of patients with OAB syndrome 5. Treatment 6. Discussion of the treatment algorithm 7. Conclusions

Ureteral stenting has become one of the most common endoscopic procedure in endourology. Its main purpose is to preserve urinary drainage if this is compromised and maintain a good renal function. Even if there were made significant improvements in the last 50 years, ureteral stenting is not without morbidity. The common ureteral stents cannot have a good long-term efficiency and at some points, it will be blocked by the encrustation and incrustation; as result, the urinary drainage will have to suffer. A total of 134 ureteral stents in 83 patients suffering from reno/ureteral lithiasis were examined. We investigated the risk factors of encrustation and analyzed the chemical compounds of it. A total of 57 stents were found encrusted. The main risk factor was represented by the indwelling time. The rate of encrustation was 18.33% in the first 5 weeks, 56% between week 6 and 12, 75% thereafter. Stents with a smaller caliber (4.8 CH) tend to be more encrusted than those with a bigger one (6 CH). The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy has found that the main chemical compound of encrustation is represented by calcium oxalate.

Malignant ureteral obstruction (MUO) caused by a primarily urological tumor or secondary to a late-stage malignancy can be difficult for the urologist to manage. Due to a lack of clinical data on the management of MUO, every case is particular and should be aborted individually. Lack of specific treatment, either palliative or definitive, can severely damage renal function and lifetime expectancy in patients, causing even more damage that could otherwise be avoided. Prompt management directed at the recovery of renal function is the main goal in such cases. Even after urinary flow is restored, life threatening post-obstructive diuresis needs to be managed.

Urinary incontinence is a socio-economic problem with a major impact on quality of life. Although there are multiple non-surgical and drug solutions, surgical treatment remains the most effective method for stress urinary incontinence. Placement of transobturator polypropylene tape is a safe method with minimal intraoperative and postoperative complications. This study had a minimal rate of complications at a one-year follow-up; the biggest problem is represented by de novo overactive bladder (20.26%) that responded successfully to conservative treatment in most cases. The surgical treatment cure rate was 97.8%. TOT is a safer method with less intraoperative complications than TVT, at the same time the success rate is comparable to TVT.

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