Mass timber products such as cross-laminated timber have increased in popularity in the past decades. Their relative novelty, however, means that there is little actual experience of what happens to the products at end of life. Despite promoting the use of natural capital, biotic materials are not often covered in discussions on construction in the circular economy. Equally, it is unclear what model is most appropriate for construction to incorporate circular thinking. Different actions for circularity are reviewed against sustainable construction ambitions, and a simple model with basic circular actions is proposed as a means to review mass timber construction. Suggestions for how to adapt mass timber systems to include circular methods are presented, including design for combined manufacture and assembly and disassembly, the identification of future markets, improving the durability of timber buildings and acknowledging the wider system value of forestry.

This paper looks at applications of microelectronics in Britain and Germany in relation to product strategy, competence and training, showing the links between quantitative and qualitative factors at different levels of analysis. It conjectures that variations in product strategies may provide a plausible explanation of different competence needs of companies, and that strategic differences between national samples may help to explain differences in the emphasis on particular skills and skill mixes.

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