Studies addressing success/failure biases in attributions for sport performance have produced equivocal results. The traditional hypothesis that success will be internalized and failure externalized has been supported in some studies but not in others. A few investigations have indicated that winners do, however, make more stable and controllable attributions than losers. This study examined the generality of this effect among II 0 players, coaches, and spectators in recreational basketball competitions. Results indicated that winning outcomes were indeed attributed to more stable and controllable causes than losing outcomes. These findings were consistent across all categories of involvement (players, coaches, spectators) and were not affected by outcome margin (game close, game not close). Discussion focuses on the operation of situational norms in sport that may have contributed to these effects.
Adolescent students (N = 560) in grades 7-11 provided information on smoking habits, smoking intentions. and 11 self-concept dimensions. as measured by the Self Description Questionnaire II. Stepwise discriminant function analysis was only moderately successful in predicting smoking status and intentions to smoke in the future. Significant sex differences were found on 7 of the 11 self-conoept dnensions. Separate discriminant fundon analyses for males and females were therefore conducted. These analyses revealed a different set of pdictors, and thus we suggest that future studies focusing on selfconcept and smoking employ separate analyses for males and females. These results provide further sup port for differences in selfconcept with regard to both smoking status and intentions. and point to the necessity of using multidimensional scales.
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