Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), a C4 grass, has a peculiar feature: it accumulates, gradient-wise, large amounts of carbon (C) as sucrose in its culms through a complex pathway. Apart from being a sustainable crop concerning C efficiency and bioenergetic yield per hectare, sugarcane is used as feedstock for producing ethanol, sugar, high-value compounds, and products (e.g., polymers and succinate), and bioelectricity, earning the title of the world’s leading biomass crop. Commercial cultivars, hybrids bearing high levels of polyploidy, and aneuploidy, are selected from a large number of crosses among suitable parental genotypes followed by the cloning of superior individuals among the progeny. Traditionally, these classical breeding strategies have been favoring the selection of cultivars with high sucrose content and resistance to environmental stresses. A current paradigm change in sugarcane breeding programs aims to alter the balance of C partitioning as a means to provide more plasticity in the sustainable use of this biomass for metabolic engineering and green chemistry. The recently available sugarcane genetic assemblies powered by data science provide exciting perspectives to increase biomass, as the current sugarcane yield is roughly 20% of its predicted potential. Nowadays, several molecular phenotyping tools can be applied to meet the predicted sugarcane C potential, mainly targeting two competing pathways: sucrose production/storage and biomass accumulation. Here we discuss how molecular phenotyping can be a powerful tool to assist breeding programs and which strategies could be adopted depending on the desired final products. We also tackle the advances in genetic markers and mapping as well as how functional genomics and genetic transformation might be able to improve yield and saccharification rates. Finally, we review how “omics” advances are promising to speed up plant breeding and reach the unexplored potential of sugarcane in terms of sucrose and biomass production.
A Cry1Ac-expressing sugarcane cultivar, CTC91087-6, has been developed by Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (CTC) to be resistant to the sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis). This genetically modified event was developed using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and the help of the selectable marker phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (PAT) expressed from bar gene. We describe here a detailed characterization of CTC91087-6 event with respect to protein expression, nutritional composition, and assessment of its derived DNA and proteins in raw sugar. Expression of the Cry1Ac and PAT (bar) proteins produced by CTC91087-6 was evaluated in different tissues and at different times during the growing season. The new proteins are preferentially expressed in leaves, are produced at low levels in stalks, and are near the limits of detection in root tissues. The levels of Cry1Ac were much higher than PAT in all evaluated tissues. Furthermore, Cry1Ac levels in CTC91087-6 leaves are stable at various times during sugarcane cultivation cycle, assuring borer control throughout the complete crop cycle.
Sugar is an ancient food and currently one of the most used ingredients in human nutrition and in the food industry. In tropical regions, sugar is produced mainly from sugarcane, while temperate countries produce sugar preferably from sugar beets. Due to its widespread use, the forthcoming adoption of genetically modified (GM) sugarcane varieties may raise questions about the quality and classification of the sugar produced. Here, we describe the several varieties of sugar and their specific uses and legal classifications. Regardless of whether they are produced from beet or from sugarcane and their final use, sugar consists of highly purified substances composed almost entirely from a disaccharide (sucrose) whose molecules consist of two monosaccharide residues: glucose and fructose. The differences between commercial sugar types are primarily in sucrose content (> 99.00 to 99.80 °Z), moisture content, ICUMSA color, conductivity ashes and reducing sugar. Neither DNA nor proteins can be detected at relevant levels in the different types of sugar. Therefore, sugar from genetically modified sugarcane varieties is virtually identical to sugar produced from conventional sugarcane, and the adoption of GM sugarcane varieties should not cause any change to the current use of sugar in human nutrition and in the food industry.
Pelo exemplo de uma vida honrada e feliz;Aos meus amados Valgerio e Davi, Por serem o sentido da minha vida, dedico. 5Would that I could discover truth as easily as I can uncover falsehood.Cícero (44 B.C.)Ninguém pode servir a dois senhores; pois ou há de aborrecer a um e amar ao outro, ou há de unir-se a um e desprezar ao outro.Não podeis servir a Deus e às riquezas. Por isso vos digo:Não andeis cuidadosos da vossa vida pelo que haveis de comer ou beber, nem do vosso corpo pelo que haveis de vestir; não é a vida mais que o alimento, e o corpo mais que o vestido?Olhai para as aves do céu, que não semeiam, nem ceifam, nem ajuntam em celeiros, e vosso Pai celestial as alimenta; não valeis vós muito mais do que elas?Qual de vós, por mais ansioso que esteja, pode acrescentar um cúbito à sua estatura?Por que andais ansiosos pelo que haveis de vestir? Considerai como crescem os lírios do campo:eles não trabalham nem fiam, contudo vos digo que nem Salomão em toda a sua glória se vestiu como um deles.Se Deus, pois, assim veste a erva do campo, que hoje existe, e amanhã é lançada no forno, quanto mais a vós, homens de pouca fé? À "velha guarda", Rodrigo, Maria Marta, Gabriel, Marcelo, Edjane, Renato, Graciela, Kateto e Luciano, por terem desbravado muitos assuntos realmente difíceis e terem a generosidade de compartilhá-los conosco; aos meus "contemporâneos", Carina, João Ricardo, Guilherme, Rafael e Izabel, pela amizade sólida e pelo compartilhamento de conhecimento e experiências; aos "novatos", Luiz Felipe, Fernando, Letícia, Marianella e Amanda, por trazerem uma nova energia ao laboratório e pela contribuição às nossas produtivas discussões; a "todos", pelo ótimo ambiente de trabalho. Vocês são uma equipe realmente excepcional! Especialmente, ao querido Luciano da Costa e Silva, por fornecer o pacote para mapeamento de QTLs, oneqtl, ainda em desenvolvimento e por sua paciência em responder todas minhas questões específicas sobre o uso do pacote e sobre mapeamento por múltiplos intervalos.Especialmente a Guilherme, Carina e João Ricardo, pela amizade verdadeira, pelos momentos de convívio deliciosos e pelos debates científicos produtivos. Vocês sempre serão muito especiais para mim! À minha família:Ao meu marido Valgerio e ao meu filho Davi por aceitarem, sem nunca reclamar, esta "aventura" científica, com todas suas delícias e dificuldades; aos meus pais, que me criaram com o espiríto livre e sempre apoiaram todas minhas decisões; aos meus irmãos e cunhados, Denise, 8 Rafael, Francisco (Robocop) e Mariana, simplesmente por serem a família que eu sempre quis ter; ao querido Joaquim que está chegando para nos dar ainda mais alegrias; aos meus sogros, Waldemar e Otília, e à minha tia Téo, que me ajudaram muito durante todo este processo.Às minhas amigas, Tatiane, Elaine, Hellen, Kelly, Roberta e Márcia, pelo apoio e por tornarem este desafio mais fácil para mim. Metodologias de mapeamento de QTLs modernas empregam abordagem multivariada e se beneficiam da matriz de covariâncias fenotípicas para melhorar as estimativas ...
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