We demonstrate the presence of nitric oxide synthase containing fibers within the guinea pig trigeminal motor nucleus and describe the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on trigeminal motoneurons. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we observed nitrergic fibers displaying varicosities and giving rise to bouton-like structures in apposition to retrogradely labeled motoneuron processes, most of which were dendrites. NO-donors evoked a membrane depolarization (mean 7.5 mV) and a decrease in rheobase (mean 38%). These substances also evoked an apparent increase in an hyperpolarization-activated cationic current (I(H)). These changes were not accompanied by any modification of the motoneurons' input resistance or time constant. The effects were suppressed by blocking the cytosolic guanlyate cyclase. A membrane-permeant cyclic guanosine 3,5'-monophosphate (cGMP) analogue mimicked the effects of NO. There was a considerable increase in synaptic activity following NO-donors or db-cGMP application. Tetrodotoxin supressed the increase in synaptic activity evoked by NO-donors. The histological and electrophysiological evidence, taken together, indicates the existence of a nitrergic system able to modulate trigeminal motoneurons under yet unknown physiological conditions.
The source size and density determine the extent of nitric oxide (NO) diffusion which critically influences NO signaling. In the brain, NO released from postsynaptic somas following NMDA-mediated activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) retrogradely affects smaller presynaptic targets. By contrast, in guinea pig trigeminal motor nucleus (TMN), NO is produced presynaptically by tiny and disperse nNOS-containing terminals that innervate large nNOS-negative motoneurons expressing the soluble guanylyl-cyclase (sGC); consequently, it is uncertain whether endogenous NO supports an anterograde signaling between pre-motor terminals and postsynaptic trigeminal motoneurons. In retrogradely labeled motoneurons, we indirectly monitored NO using triazolofluorescein (DAF-2T) fluorescence, and evaluated sGC activity by confocal cGMP immunofluorescence. Multiple fibers stimulation enhanced NO content and cGMP immunofluorescence into numerous nNOS-negative motoneurons; NOS inhibitors prevented depolarization-induced effects, whereas NO donors mimicked them. Enhance of cGMP immunofluorescence required extracellular Ca(2+), a nNOS-physiological activator, and was prevented by inhibiting sGC, silencing neuronal activity or impeding NO diffusion. In conclusion, NO released presynaptically from multiple cooperative tiny fibers attains concentrations sufficient to activate sGC in many motoneurons despite of the low source/target size ratio and source dispersion; thus, endogenous NO is an effective anterograde neuromodulator. By adjusting nNOS activation, presynaptic Ca(2+) might modulate the NO diffusion field in the TMN.
Desde el año 2005, en el curso de grado de Fisiología de la unidad temática integrada de Digestivo-Renal-Endócrino-Metabolismo y Reproductor de la carrera de Doctor en Medicina (Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República) se sistematiza un modelo metodológico de aprendizaje basado en problemas que incorpora la figura del tutor estudiantil como recurso humano novedoso de apoyo a la docencia. A partir de una historia clínica acompañada de preguntas disparadoras de la discusión, ocho a diez estudiantes de Fisiología (ciclo pre-clínico), guiados conjuntamente por dos tutores (estudiantes del ciclo clínico) y un docente de Fisiología, se plantean interrogantes e hipótesis y abordan líneas de indagación y análisis que permiten la comprensión del problema clínico planteado desde la mirada de los conocimientos fisiológicos que los estudiantes están adquiriendo. Posteriormente, el grupo de estudiantes sintetiza este proceso en una presentación oral dirigida a sus pares. Demostramos que, desde la percepción de los estudiantes y tutores, estos seminarios constituyen una herramienta válida para contextualizar el contenido temático de Fisiología en un problema clínico y para adquirir, a partir del mismo, nuevos conocimientos sobre los mecanismos fisiopatológicos subyacentes a la historia planteada, facilitando el aprendizaje y la integración básico-clínica de forma horizontal y vertical. Los seminarios, diseñados bajo la concepción de la existencia de una unidad de lo cognitivo y lo afectivo, promueven la participación activa y creativa de los estudiantes en su proceso educativo asignándoles un rol protagónico. Esta experiencia educativa ha constituido una referencia para el Nuevo Plan de Estudios (Plan de Estudios 2008) implementado desde el año 2009.
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