Introduction: During the Peruvian internal armed conflict, fifteen members of the Santa Barbara community were collectively executed by state agents, and their relatives were made victims of persecution, torture, and imprisonment. The case, known as the Santa Barbara massacre, was brought to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The documentation of individual, family and community impacts for the Court became a challenge due to the need to address cultural, geographical, political and community aspects. This paper aims to discuss the complexities of forensic documentation of human rights violations using a psychosocial and communitarian background. Method: The assessment included seven survivors from three different families. Both qualitative and quantitative instruments were used. A participative action research framework guided the design, documentation process, and discussion of outcomes with the survivors. Results/ discussion: The report included four levels of documentation exhibited in the Istanbul Protocol framework: clinical impacts from a western perspective, emic formulations and cultural idioms of distress, communitarian perspectives, and a proposal of reparation measures for the Court. Individual analysis revealed chronic mental health sequelae of forced displacement, imprisonment and torture. Local idioms of distress (in Quechuan, “pinsamientuwan,” “llaki,” “ñakary,” “umananay” and “iquyay”) deepened the understanding of the damage faced by the survivors. The analysis of the community uncovered three main areas of collective damage: broken social and cultural identity, lack of political participation, and loss of perspective on the future. Regarding reparations, survivors highlighted the pursuit for justice, the dignified remembrance of their loved ones, social re-inclusion of displaced persons into the community, education for offspring, and measures for the preservation of their community’s identity and culture. Conclusions: Psycholegal accompaniment for victims through a participatory research approach is essential for the proper documentation of the consequences of violence in complex contexts. It is also essential in guaranteeing that the forensic documentation of the impact of political violence can be proposed as reparative for the survivors in itself.
Mass Media has a leading role in the construction of social symbols, values and practices. To identify the images of prisoners and prisons, in this article, we focus on the discourses of the Peruvian written press about the collective actions (categorized as riots) of prisoners in the context of COVID-19. Through critical discourse analysis, we analyze 81 notes of the seven most-read journals in Peru which inform about the first collective claim actions that occurred in four prisons: Río Seco, Picsi, Castro Castro and Anexo Chorrillos. The results are organized into three axes: (a) Explanation of the diaries about collective claim action; (b) Men's prisons: Collective claim action defined as riots; and (c) Women's prisons: Collective claim action defined as non-riots. We argue that the notes reproduce the image of prison as a punishment institution, with a tendency to delegitimize collective actions and to portray prisoners as subjects propelled by emotions with no possibility to establish a dialogical encounter. Also, discourses are embedded with stereotypes of crime and gender. Mass media informs through the simplification of the prison system, providing unidimensional images of prisons and prisoners. This makes it difficult to create holistic views that aid to understand the hindering and claims for prisoners' rights in order to establish processes of dialogue to construct alternative resolutions to violence.
Un aumento exponencial de la población penitenciaria en las últimas décadas da luces de un giro punitivo que potenció una crisis del sistema penitenciario y ubica a las personas privadas de libertad como grupo vulnerable frente a problemáticas como la emergencia sanitaria por COVID-19. En América Latina esta vulnerabilidad aumenta dado el hacinamiento y condiciones precarias de vida dentro de las prisiones. El presente trabajo recupera voces invisibilizadas dentro del sistema penitenciario y desde una metodología cualitativa, se analizan acciones de reclamo de mujeres privadas de libertad en una prisión de Lima-Perú durante los primeros meses de la emergencia sanitaria. Se sostiene que las mujeres privadas de libertad se posicionan para reclamar el abandono del Estado desde tres ejes autoidentificatorios: 1. El sentido de colectividad; 2. La resocialización enmarcada en la lógica de la categorización penitenciaria; y 3. Su rol como reproductoras de cuidado. Se concluye que estas son estrategias de despliegue de agencia y acciones propositivas por parte de las mujeres encarceladas.
El presente estudio analiza las barreras para la conectividad en el entorno penitenciario durante la COVID-19, y sus impactos en la fluidez de los vínculos entre las personas privadas de libertad (PPL) y sus personas significativas (PS). Se aborda la conectividad intra-extra muros como un proceso que no solo implica las horas de contacto sino también la calidad del vínculo. En este estudio cualitativo, se realizaron 14 entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas vinculadas al sistema penitenciario peruano: personas con vínculos significativos con las PPL, personal del Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y de ONG. Se encontró que, durante la pandemia, la conectividad se vio limitada por barreras estructurales (insuficiencia de recursos y sobrepoblación penitenciaria); barreras ideológicas (prevalencia del discurso de control y seguridad); y barreras representacionales (percepción del rol de la sociedad civil en el sistema penitenciario). Además, se halló que dichas barreras quebraron tres tipos de flujo intra-extramuros: los afectivos (intercambios emocionales entre el adentro y el afuera); los materiales (intercambio de bienes); y los informativos (intercambio comunicacional). A partir de ello, se evidencia que los establecimientos penitenciarios de Perú funcionan de manera porosa y permeable, aunque las dinámicas y discursos institucionales resistan a ello.
El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la praxis en la formación en Psicología Comunitaria, e identificar las características del rol y quehacer ético del psicólogo/a comunitario, a partir del análisis de los sílabos de los cursos de Psicología Comunitaria en las carreras de Psicología que contemplan dichas asignaturas en su plan de estudio en el Perú. Se busca analizar en qué medida el acompañamiento al trabajo práctico se incluye como parte sustancial de la formación del psicólogo/a comunitario. Los resultados señalan que 16 de los 20 sílabos 1 Agradecemos a María Inés Winkler, coordinadora del estudio sobre ética en la formación de la Psicología Comunitaria realizado en ocho países miembros de la Red Latinoamericana de Formación en Psicología Comunitaria, por el acompañamiento a este estudio. Esta investigación es parte de un estudio mayor sobre ética en la Formación en Psicología Comunitaria en el Perú, del cual es parte Carolina Vera, a quien agradecemos por sus aportes.
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