in a reference center for the treatment of high complexity traumas in the city of São Paulo.Results: Most patients were men (63%), with median age of 42 years, affected by chronic osteomyelitis (43%) or acute osteomyelitis associated to open fractures (32%), the majority on the lower limbs (71%). The patients were treated with antibiotics as inpatients for 40 days (median) and for 99 days (median) in outpatient settings. After 6 months follow-up, the clinical remission rate was around 60%, relapse 19%, amputation 7%, and death 5%. Nine percent of cases were lost to follow-up. A total of 121 GNB was isolated from 101 clinical samples. The most frequently isolated pathogens were Enterobacter sp. (25%), Acinetobacter baumannii (21%) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%). Susceptibility to carbapenems was about 100% for Enterobacter sp., 75% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 60% for Acinetobacter baumannii. Conclusion:Osteomyelitis caused by GNB remains a serious therapeutic challenge, especially when associated to nonfermenting bacteria. We emphasize the need to consider these agents in diagnosed cases of osteomyelitis, so that an ideal antimicrobial treatment can be administered since the very beginning of the therapy.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence and microbiological profile of surgical site infections (SSIs) associated with internal fixation of fractures and to compare differences in the SSIs observed among patients with closed and open fractures.MethodsRetrospective study. Analyzed data included information from all patients who underwent surgery for fixation of closed or open fractures from January 2005 to December 2012 and remained outpatients for at least one year following surgery. Incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) was compared between patients with closed and open infection, as well as polymicrobial infection and infection related to Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Cumulative antibiograms were performed to describe microbiological profiles.ResultsOverall incidence of SSI was 6%. This incidence was significantly higher among patients with open fractures (14.7%) than among patients with closed fractures (4.2%). The proportions of patients with polymicrobial infections and infections due to GNB were also significantly higher among patients with open fractures. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species were the primary infectious agents isolated from both groups. The overall incidence of MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) was 72%. A. baumannii was the predominant GNB isolate recovered from patients with open fractures and P. aeruginosa was the most frequent isolate recovered from patients with closed fractures, both exhibited low rates of susceptibility to carbapenems.ConclusionsIncidence of SSIs related to the internal fixation of fractures was significantly higher among patients with open fractures, indicating that an open fracture can be a risk factor for infection. Among the bacterial isolates, S. aureus (with a high prevalence of MRSA) and CoNS species were most prevalent. A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa isolates underscored the low rate of susceptibility to carbapenems that was observed in the present study.

We sought to evaluate the indirect impact of ertapenem use for the treatment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae infections in our hospital on the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to imipenem. The use of ertapenem was mandated for treatment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae infections in the absence of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli for 1 year. The use of imipenem was restricted. Imipenem consumption decreased 64.5%. Ertapenem consumption was 42.57 defined daily doses per 1,000 patient-days. None of the 18 P. aeruginosa isolates recovered after ertapenem introduction were imipenem-resistant, compared with 4 of the 20 P. aeruginosa isolates recovered in the previous year.

RESUMOAs artroplastias totais de joelho apresentaram nas últimas décadas apreciável melhora em relação aos resultados cirúrgi-cos devido à difusão de técnicas operatórias precisas e ao desenvolvimento de materiais de implante de alta tecnologia. Apesar disso ainda estão sujeitas a complicações, sendo a infecção a mais difícil de ser solucionada.Neste artigo discutimos os fatores de risco para infecção, classificação, condições clínicas e cirúrgicas, assim como mé-todos diagnósticos. As opções de tratamento incluem supressão com antibióticos, manutenção da prótese, troca imediata ou em dois tempos dos componentes protéticos e os procedimentos de salvação. Além disto, os autores apresentam o protocolo de tratamento utilizado no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP pelo Grupo de Artroplastias.Descritores: Artroplastia do Joelho; Infecção, Fatores de risco. INTRODUÇÃOO conceito de substituição da superfície articular do joelho, para o tratamento de doenças graves dessa articulação, tem recebido atenção desde o século XIX. Já em 1860, Verneuil (15) sugeriu a interposição de partes moles para a reconstrução articular do joelho. Mas foi no início do século passado que a artroplastia total de joelho (ATJ) apresentou grande evolução, devido ao desenvolvimento de materiais de implante adequados para a interposição articular -como ligas metálicas e acrí-lico -, e ao aprimoramento da técnica cirúrgica, alavancado principalmente por Campbell(1) , MacIntosh (10) e McKeever (11) .Atualmente, existem à disposição próteses de joelho com desenhos e materiais de alta tecnologia, que, aliado ao aumento da expectativa de vida da população mundial e ao diagnós-tico mais preciso das doenças ortopédicas, fez aumentar sensivelmente a indicação e a sobrevida das mesmas. Infection following total knee joint arthroplasty: considerartions and treatment ANA LÚCIA LEI MUNHOZ LIMA SUMMARYTotal knee arthroplasty results have markedly improved during the last decades due to diffusion of accurate surgical techniques and development of high-technology implant materials. However, complications still develop, infection being that of most difficult resolution.Risk factors for infection, classification of infections, clinical and surgical conditions, as well as diagnostic methods are discussed in the present article. Therapeutic options include suppression by antibiotic therapy, maintenance of the prosthesis, immediate or twostep replacement of prosthetic, and salvage procedures. In addition, the authors describe the treatment protocol used by the Arthroplasty Group in the Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology (I.O.T.) of the Clinics Hospital of the Medical School of the São Paulo University.

The aim of this study was to estimate the additional cost of treatment of a group of nosocomial infections in a tertiary public hospital. A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted by means of analyzing the medical records of 34 patients with infection after total knee arthroplasty, diagnosed in 2006 and 2007, who met the criteria for nosocomial infection according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To estimate the direct costs of treatment for these patients, the following data were gathered: length of hospital stay, laboratory tests, imaging examinations, and surgical procedures performed. Their costs were estimated from the minimum values according to the Brazilian Medical Association. The estimated cost of the antibiotics used was also obtained. The total length of stay in the ward was 976 days, at a cost of US$ 18,994.63, and, in the intensive care unit, it was 34 days at a cost of US$ 5,031.37. Forty-two debridement procedures were performed, at a cost of US$ 5,798.06, and 1965 tests (laboratory and imaging) were also performed, at a cost of US$ 15,359.25. US$ 20,845.01 was spent on antibiotics and US$ 1,735.16 on vacuum assisted closure therapy, microsurgical flaps, implant removal, spacer use, and surgical revision. The total additional cost of these cases of hospital infection in 2006 and 2007 was of US$ 91,843.75. Based on that, we demonstrate that the high cost of treatment for hospital infections emphasizes the importance of taking measures to prevent and control hospital infection.