Background: The widespread use of abdominal ultrasonography in children documented increased detection rate of gallstones. The aim of this study was to assess the possible risk factors of gallstones and to detect the complication rate and outcome of the disease in Egyptian infants and children from a hepatologist perspective. This prospective study included 35 cases, with ultrasound-detected gallstones, who presented to the Pediatric Hepatology Unit from July 2015 to October 2017. All patients were initially evaluated by full history, general and abdominal examination, laboratory assessment, and ultrasound findings to detect possible risk factors of gallstones. Management approach was individualized for each patient according to his/her condition, and the patients were followed up at 3 months interval. Results: The patients' ages ranged from 3.5 months up to 17 years. The median age of gallstone detection was 2 years. Gallstones were symptomatic in 62.9% with abdominal pain in 51.4%. Complications in the form of choledocholithiasis were detected in 7 patients (20%). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done for 7 patients while conservative management was applied for 24 patients. Complete resolution occurred in 8.3% and partial resolution in 33.3%. Chronic hemolytic anemia was the most commonly identified risk factor for gallstones. Patients needed surgical intervention had significant higher serum cholesterol and LDL levels (P = 0.006 and P = 0.002 respectively). Conclusion: Risk factors for gallstones could be identified in most of pediatric cases. Symptomatic presentation is common among the pediatric population. Conservative management is recommended for asymptomatic cases of gallstones in children. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and recommended procedure for complicated and symptomatic cases of gallstones.

Background Liver biopsy is the reference standard for assessing liver fibrosis. Moreover, it is an invasive procedure. Transient elastography (TE) is an accurate, noninvasive method for evaluating liver stiffness as a surrogate of liver fibrosis. The aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and Hyaluronic acid (HA) are noninvasive alternatives to liver biopsy for detecting hepatic fibrosis. This study aimed to identify the accuracy of APRI, HA, and TE concerning liver biopsy in children with chronic viral hepatitis. Methods This cross-sectional study included 50 children, 5–18 years with chronic viral hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) who underwent liver biopsy within nine months of laboratory tests, determining APRI & performing TE. Twenty healthy children of age and sex-matching patients were included as a control group for the serum HA levels. Results The histopathological findings of the studied cases showed seven cases with (F0) fibrosis, 36 cases with mild (F1,2), two children with moderate (F3,4), and five children with severe (F5,6). The median (IQR) of steatosis was 4 (three had HCV). When correlating TE, APRI, and HA values in all cases with their laboratory data, there was a positive correlation between ALT and APRI values (P-value = 0.000), a positive correlation between AST and HA values (P-value = 0.02), and a negative correlation between stiffness and APRI. The sensitivity of HA, APRI, and TE compared to fibrosis detected by histopathology was 60.5, 65.1, and 60.5%, and their specificity was 71.4, 57.1, and 85.7%, respectively. TE was significantly higher in a group with (moderate to severe) fibrosis. Conclusion APRI, HA, and TE are good indicators of the presence of fibrosis almost with the same accuracy. TE is the only method to differentiate mild cases from those with significant fibrosis.

BACKGROUND There has been a worldwide increase in the reported incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children over the past 2-3 decades. The hepatobiliary (HB) manifestations of IBD have been well-studied in children in industrialized and developed countries but are infrequently reported in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) such as Egypt. AIM To determine the prevalence of the HB manifestations in a cohort of Egyptian children with IBD. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study was carried out over a period of 6 mo (between June 2013 to December 2013) at the Paediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology Units of Cairo University Children's Hospital, which is the largest paediatric tertiary care centre in the country. RESULTS The study included 48 patients with confirmed IBD based upon clinical, laboratory, endoscopic and histopathological features, 29 (60.4%) were male. Twenty-four patients (50%) had ulcerative colitis (UC), 11 (22.9%) had Crohn's disease (CD) and 13 (27.1%) had unclassified-IBD (IBD-U), which was formerly known as indeterminate colitis. The mean age of the patients at the time of presentation was 8.14 (± SD 4.02) years and the mean age at the time of study enrolment was 10.16 (± SD 4.19) years. All patients were screened for HB manifestations by physical examination, liver function tests, imaging and liver biopsy when indicated. HB disorders were confirmed in 13 patients (27.1%). Transaminases were elevated in 3 patients (6.3%). Two patients (4.2%) had elevated biliary enzymes (one was diagnosed as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and the other was diagnosed with PSC/autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome and the third patient had hepatitis C virus infection. Ten patients (20.8%) had bright echogenic liver on ultrasound suggesting fatty infiltration as a sequel of malnutrition or medication toxicity. CONCLUSION The commonest HB disorders in Egyptian children with IBD were abnormal liver function tests, fatty infiltration and PSC. These HB manifestations in paediatric patients in LMIC may be relatively more common than in industrialized countries. Therefore, IBD patients in LMIC should be meticulously screened for liver disease to allow prompt diagnosis and management.

No abstract