Background: Refractive error is the most common cause of correctable visual loss worldwide. Decreased vision due to refractive error can be easily corrected with the help of spectacles, contact lenses and refractive surgery. However, there are 42% of uncorrected refractive errors all over the world. The present study aimed to evaluate different kinds of refractive errors, its prevalence and pattern in patients from rural areas who visited our hospital in the last five years. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 2,138 patients, who visited eye OPD at Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad during a period of five years i.e. from September, 2013 to September, 2018. Patients having only refractive error with an age of five years and above were included in the study.  All patients had objective refraction with automated refractometer followed by subjective refraction. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 20.0. Chi-square test was used for comparing groups with a P-value of <0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results: Compound myopic astigmatism was the most common error found in our study population (n=575; 26.9%). The second most frequent complaint was simple myopia (n=501; 23.4%) followed by presbyopia (n=441; 20.6%) and mixed astigmatism (n=235; 11%). Patients with more than one refractive error included 178 (8.3%) with mixed astigmatism and presbyopia and 78 (3.6%) with simple myopia and presbyopia. Compound myopic astigmatism was more prevalent in younger ages compared to older age groups (46.4% vs 19.9%) (P <0.001). Mixed astigmatism (12.4% vs 8.9%), simple myopia (23.8% vs 22.9%) and presbyopia (21.3% vs 19.5%) were slightly greater in females than males (P=0.07), respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia is significantly higher among female population and young individuals. Mixed astigmatism combined with presbyopia is more common among elderly population.

Purpose:  To determine the frequency of posterior segment pathologies caused by ocular trauma using B scan USG. Study Design:  Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study:  Holy family hospital, Rawalpindi, from September 2015 to March 2016. Methods:  One hundred patients of ocular trauma, 12 to 45 years of age were included in the study. Patients who had any posterior segment pathology prior to the ocular trauma were excluded. B scan was performed in all patients. The data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 17. For all the categorical variables like gender, type and site of ocular injury, the side of eye involved, type of posterior segment pathology as detected on B Scan, frequencies and percentages were calculated. For the continuous variables like age and time since injury, mean and standard deviation were calculated. Results:  Mean age was30.43 ± 9.58 years. Majority of the patients (35.0%) were between 26 to 35 years of age. Out of these 100 patients, 73 were males and 27 were females with male to female ratio of 2.7:1. Vitreous hemorrhage was the most common and ocular pathology (38 patients). Retinal detachment was seen in 21 patients. Intra-ocular foreign bodies were seen in 12 patients. Conclusion:  Vitreous hemorrhage was the most common posterior segment pathology in ocular trauma followed by retinal detachment and intra-ocular foreign bodies. Key Words:  Trauma, B-scan, Vitreous hemorrhage, Retinal detachment.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Cataract affects a huge population around the globe and equally affects Pakistani population. Children with congenital cataract presents with huge deformity and dependence, the consequences are lifelong if not treated with better management at right time. In this study we aimed at comparing intracameral and subcojunctival injection of dexamethasone in congenital cataract in terms of postoperative inflammation. Purpose: The purpose of our study is comparing the role of intracameral injection with subconjunctival injection of dexamethasone in preventing immediate postoperative inflammation after congenital cataract extraction and to make the ground for better option for programmatic implementation in these cases. Study Design: Randomized control trial Place and duration of study: Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi since june 2014 to May 2015. Material and methods: In this RCT, 190 children with congenital cataract were enrolled in the department of ophthalmology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi. Patients were selected using a random table, 95 cases each in intracameral injection and subconjunctival injection of dexamethasone groups.The study duration was one year from june 2014 to May 2015. Ethical approval was granted by hospital ethics committee and patients were administered a written informed consent at enrolment. The outcome measure was intraocular inflammation after surgery for extraction of cataract. Results: Male cases were in majority in group B (58.9%) whereas in group A females (55.8%) were in majority. Mean age was6.43 ± 4.69 years in Group-A compared to 5.85 ± 4.10 years in Group-B. Frequency of posterior synechiae (inflammation) was 4.21% (n=4) in Group-A (intracameral) compared to 15.79% (n=15) in Group-B (subconjunctival) which was significantly different (p-value, 0.007). Conclusion: Intracameral injection is better than subjunctival injection of dexamethasone in the management of post-operative inflammation in children with congenital cataract.