Water-pipe (WP) smoking is on rise worldwide for the past few years, particularly among younger individuals. Growing evidence indicates that WP smoking is as harmful as cigarette smoking. To date, most of the research has focused on acute health effects of WP smoking, and evidence remains limited when it comes to chronic health effects in relation to long-term WP smoking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between WP smoking and albuminuria in apparently healthy individuals. This analysis was conducted on data of a population-based cross-sectional study—the Urban Rural Chronic Diseases Study (URCDS). The study sample was recruited from three sites in Pakistan. Trained nurses carried out individual interviews and obtained the information on demographics, lifestyle factors, and past and current medical history. Measurements of complete blood count, lipid profile, fasting glucose level, and 24-hour albuminuria were also made by using blood and urine samples. Albumin excretion was classified into three categories using standard cut-offs: normal excretion, high-normal excretion and microalbuminuria. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between WP smoking and albuminuria. The final analysis included data from 1,626 health individuals, of which 829 (51.0%) were males and 797 (49.0%) females. Of 1,626 individuals, 267 (16.4%) were current WP smokers and 1,359 (83.6%) were non-WP smokers. WP smoking was significantly associated with high-normal albuminuria (OR  =  2.33, 95% CI 1.68-3.22, p-value <0.001) and microalbuminuria (OR  =  1.75, 95% CI 1.18-2.58, p-value 0.005) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, social class, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. WP smoking was significantly associated with high-normal albuminuria and microalbuminuria when analysis was stratified on hypertension and diabetes mellitus categories. WP smoking has a strong association with albuminuria in apparently healthy individuals. More research is warranted to evaluate the temporality of this association between WP smoking and albuminuria.

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Plant extract (Lantana camara) and earthworm (Pheretima posthuma) extract have been used to treat many illnesses for centuries; they have been reported to suppress the growth of many pathogenic bacteria and are specially used for wound healing. We analyzed the antibacterial activity of the different organic extracts obtained from these species against pathogenic strains of bacteria and compared them to know which is more potent for developing antiseptic ointment. Ethanol and acetone solvents were used for the extraction and analyzed for their antibacterial activity by the disk diffusion and shake flask test. Then we identified the minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts against gram-positive and gram-negative strains. Lantana camara showed the largest growth inhibitory zone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus aureus. MIC for plant extract was 150μg/ml, while earthworm extract inhibited growth at a minimum dose of 200μg/ml. We found that the plant's ethanol extract (L. camara) exhibited robust antimicrobial activity compared to the worm extract. Current investigation reinforces the application of Lantana camara extract to develop ointment to treat wound infections.

Objective: To comparison of the efficacy of dapagliflozin+metformin versus sitagliptin+metformin: in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes Methodology: In this Randomized Control Trial, we enrolled a total of 180 cases; 90 cases newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (HbA1c>6.5) in two equal groups A&B on the basis of computer-generated randomization table. Group A was allotted to the cases 100mg q.d sitagliptin plus 850 mg in addition to 500mg metformin 2 times a day. Patients of Group B were advised for 10mg qd dapagliflozin+500mg metformin 2 times a day for six months. Patients were followed up on monthly basis for any inconvenience. The final follow-up was done on 6th month of treatment. All the patients with poor/non-compliance were excluded from the study. All cases with HbA1c <6.0 were considered as effectively treated patients. Results: Comparison of Efficacy in both groups shows 44(48.9%) in Group A and 31(34.4%) in Group B, the overall efficacy was 41.7%, p-value=0.0.35 showing a significant difference. Conclusion: Dapagliflozin+metformin is significantly higher than sitagliptin+metformin for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes Keywords: Newly type 2 diabetes, treatment, Dapagliflozin & Metformin Vs Sitagliptin & Metformin