Ginger is traditionally used as a sexual enhancer in folk medicine. Despite extensive studies on the effect of ginger on reproduction, the molecular mechanism of ginger prevention effect on ethanol-induced reproductive disorder is not fully understood. Twenty-four adult male ratswereallocated into control, ethanol (4 g/kg of body weight (BW)/day), ginger (250 mg/kg of BW/day) and ginger-ethanol group. Ginger and ethanol were administrated by gavage for 28 days. Testicular concentration of testosterone, TNF-α, and antioxidant enzymes activity and serum concentration of gonadotropins hormone and testosterone were measured. The gene expression of Nrf2 and NF-κB which regulate oxidative damage and inflammation, respectively, and StAR, P450scc and 17βHSD which are involved in testosterone synthesis were detected. Ethanol significantly decreased gonadotropin hormones, oxidative markers, expression of genes involved in testosterone synthesis and Nrf2, and in reverse significantly increased TNF-α, MDA and gene expression of NF-κB compared to control (p<0.05). While ginger could significantly improve all of the above factors HIGHLIGHTS  Ethanol induces reproductive dysfunction. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) improves steroidogenesis. Ginger inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation. Ginger improves ethanol-induced reproductive dysfunction. Li, N.; et al.

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The body weight and fasting blood glucose levels of all the rats were recorded at weekly intervals during the experimental period. Biochemical, histochemical, and immunohistochemical investigations were used. Results: Diabetic rats showed a decrease in serum amylase with marked elevation in blood glucose level. Histological examination of the pancreas from diabetic rats revealed an increase in the thickness of the basement membrane of the blood vessels and capillaries in islets of Langerhans, as well as decreased activity of Beta-cells and increase the activity of Alpha and Delta cells using both Periodic Acid Schiff stain and immunohistochemistry techniques. Administration of aqueous extract of Rheum ribes caused significant and dramatic changes in most of the parameters measured in this study, including an increase in serum amylase, and lowering the level of blood glucose, in comparison to the diabetic group. Conclusion: Daily administration of Rheum ribes significantly reduced blood glucose and caused a marked increase in the activity of Beta-cells, followed by a decrease in the activity of Alpha-cells. The results of tissue structures and serum biochemical estimation indicated that the plant extract has regeneration and repair effects.

يقصد بالتبعية وجود متبوع يرتبط به تابع ويمتد اليه حكمه وجوداً وعدماً ،لذا فان للتبعية عناصر لا بد من توفرها لتحقق العلاقة التبعية ،وهي تابع ومتبوع مع رابطة تربط الاول بالثاني ،وقد تكون التبعية بين التزامين او بين حقين او بين شيئين ،واقترحنا طبيعة الالتزام كمعيار للتحقق من وجود التبعية ،والذي يقتضي ارتباط التابع بالمتبوع برابطة مصيرية دائمة بحيث لا ينفك احدهما عن الآخر فوجود التابع يقترن بوجود المتبوع ،ولا ينقضي إلا بانقضاء او زوال المتبوع وبالتالي يتبعه التابع  في حكمه .