:This study was conducted to analysis the share of different expenditure incurred and profitability of crops in the North Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka. A simple random sample of 30 farmers each under rainfed condition, borewell irrigation and canal irrigation are studied. Simple tabular analysis technique was used to estimate cost and returns of crops .The result of the study shows that human labour cost was accounted higher proportion (35-50 %) than other components followed by cost for bullock labour except in paddy where machine labour cost accounted (20%).The highest net returns were realized in paddy with borewell irrigation (Rs.49577/ha) followed by paddy with canal irrigation (Rs.44134 /ha), cotton with borewell irrigation (Rs.40442 /ha) compared to other crops in Raichur district.The benefit cost ratio for paddy cultivation was found higher (2.16) in case of canal irrigated due to less cost incurred (Rs. 38,004) compared to borewell irrigated paddy cultivation (Rs. 45,368) due to more energy cost for water pumping Rs.4110 (9.16 %).Among rainfed crops the most favourable returns per rupee cost was found cotton followed by redgram,chickpea and groundnut ranging from 1.72 to 1.61.

: Objectives:To investigate the long run and short run relationship between fiscal deficit and economic growth in Indian economy. Methods and statistical analysis: The study is based on secondary data; objective of the study is examined using time series data from the period 1980-81 to 2013-14. Findings: The Johansen methodology concludes an existence of a one cointegrating relationship among gross domestic product, fiscal deficit, gross domestic capital formation and employment. The finding of the study indicates that one per cent increase in fiscal deficit is likely to decrease Gross domestic product by 0.618609 thus, it shows there is a negative relationship between Gross domestic product and fiscal deficit in the long run. But the Vector Error Correction model discards the short run relationship between fiscal deficit and economic growth. Application/ improvements: Fiscal deficit hampered the economic growth in the long run hence gap between the government revenue and government expenditure should be minimized.

In this study, we assessed the PPR disease status, its economic cost, the financial viability of vaccination, and the perspectives of field veterinarians on the PPR vaccination programme implemented in Karnataka state, India. In addition to secondary data, cross-sectional surveys undertaken during 2016–17 (survey I) and 2018–19 (survey II) from 673 sheep and goat flocks and data collected from 62 veterinarians were analysed. The economic costs and perceptions of veterinarians were analysed using deterministic models and the Likert scale, respectively, and the financial viability of vaccination programmes under the best (15%), base (20%), and worst-case (25%) PPR incidence scenarios, considering two different vaccination plans (plan I and plan II), was assessed. The disease incidence in sheep and goats was found to be 9.8% and 4.8% in survey I and survey II, respectively. In consonance with the increased vaccination coverage, the number of reported PPR outbreaks in the state declined significantly. The estimated farm-level loss of PPR varied between the surveyed years. Even under the best-incidence scenario, under vaccination plan-I and plan-II, the estimated benefit–cost ratio (18.4:1; 19.7:1), the net present value (USD 932 million; USD 936 million) and the internal rate of return (412%) implied that the vaccination programmes were financially viable and the benefits outweighed the cost. Though the majority of veterinarians perceived that the control programme was well planned and rolled out in the state, a few of them disagreed or were neutral towards the plan per se, towards the coordination between functionaries, the availability of funding, and the programme acceptance by farmers. Despite many years of vaccination, PPR still persists in the Karnataka state for various reasons and in order to eradicate the disease, a review of the existing control programme with strong facilitation from the federal government is needed.

Vegetables are important constituents of Indian agriculture and nutritional security. Along with health benefits, vegetables help in flourishing countries economy, as it provides a great opportunity for income and employment generation for the farming sector. The study has an objective to understand the extent of growth each vegetable experiencing and to derive the major factor for the growth in Karnataka, utilizing time-series data. The total area showed an increasing trend over the period with about 40 % increase in a span of two decades. However, figures for increased production were more appealing than its area, as it has shown 60 % increase. Total production of vegetables in Karnataka has increased from 42 lakh tonnes in 1998-99 to 68 lakh tonnes in 2018-19, with an annual growth rate of 3.9 %. The highest growth in production was observed in onion (7.5% annually) followed by tomato and cole crops. The area effect was the most responsible factor for increasing production of tomato, onion, guards, cole crops and other vegetables group. Thus, in effect for overall vegetables, it is 66 % of the total increased production effect. However, for potato and leafy vegetables, only yield effect was found to be positively contributing to the production.

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