ABSTRACT… Objectives:The objective was to determine accuracy of ultrasound in the diagnosis of ureteric calculi confirmed on non-contrast Computed Tomography among patients with acute ureteric colic. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Emergency Department of Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: 11-07-2012 to 10-01-2013. Materials and Methods: 100 consecutive patients presenting with acute severe ureteric colic and fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled for the study from the emergency department of Nishtar Hospital Multan. Ultrasonography was done in all patients and USG findings were recorded for the presence or absence of hyperechoic shadows in the ureteric. All the patients underwent CT scan to confirm or refute the findings of Ultrasonography. Result: Mean age of the patients was 37.85 + 12.60 years. Males were 53 (53%) while females were 47 (47%). Mean duration of pain before presentation was 14.81 + 6.20 hours. Mean severity of pain on visual analogue scale was 9.40 + 0.8. Overall 79 patients were diagnosed as having ureteric calculi. Ultrasonography detected the ureteric stone in 75 patients and was all found to have stone on CT scan and represented true positives. Among 25 patients in whom ultrasound did not demonstrate any stone, 4 were found to have ureteric stone on CT scan thus representing false negative whereas 21 (84%) were confirmed on CT scan not to have any stone, thus representing True negatives. The sensitivity of USG for detection of ureteric stone was found to be 94.9%, the specificity was 100%, and positive predictive value was 100% while negative predictive value was 84% .There was no significant effect of age or gender on the accuracy of ultrasound. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a readily available, non-invasive and reliable investigation in patients presenting with acute flank pain to diagnose ureteric stones with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity approaching 95%. Thus it is recommended that it should be used routinely for the evaluation of patients presenting with acute flank pain. Key words:ureteric calculus, noninvasive, acute ureteric colic, Computed Tomography.

Aim: To determine the accuracy of high resolution CT Chest (HRCT) for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) by taking AFB culture findings as gold standard. Methods: This validation study was conducted in patients referred for HRCT Chest for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in OPD/ Radiology unit of CH & ICH within duration of 6 months from September-2020 to February -2021. Patients with suspicion of PTB were included. In all patients, sputum samples were obtained and the AFB test was performed for diagnosis of PTB. After that high resolution CT Chest (HRCT) was performed for diagnosis of PTB. Results: Mean age was 54.67 ± 12.36 years. Male population 54% and female was 46%. AFB culture results for pulmonary. TB was positive in 44 patients and was negative in 56 patients. HRCT findings were positive for pulmonary TB in 46 patients and were negative in 54 patients (Table 1). The sensitivity of HRCT was 81.8%, specificity of HRCT was 82.1%, PPV was 78.3% and NPV was 85.2% (Table 2). Conclusion: HRCT Chest has a sufficient accuracy for PTB diagnosis taking AFB culture results as gold standard. So HRCT Chest can be opted as imaging modality of choice in patients having mixed plain radiographs findings. This will aid in early identification and starting treatment of PTB. Keywords: Accuracy, high resolution computed tomography, pulmonary tuberculosis.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of CT chest in diagnosis of COVID-19 taking RT-PCR-testing as gold standard. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 patients of suspicion of COVID-19 who were referred for CT Chest in Radiology Department of Nishtar Medical University Multan from June-2020 to May-2021 were included. In all patients, two RT-PCR test results were obtained with 7 days of admission in hospital. Presence of any of these positive was labelled as COVID-19 infection. CT chest was performed in all patients within 2 days of admission in hospital using 128 slices CT scan machine. The diagnosis of COVID-19 infection was made according to the recommendations by Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) protocol. Results: Mean age was 51.3±14.7 years. 78 (52%) patients were male and 72 (48%) patients were female. RTPCR test was positive in 89 (59.3%) patients. While the CT chest findings were suggestive of COVID-19 infection in 130 (86.7%) patients. The sensitivity of CT chest was 95.5%, specificity 26.2%, PPV wad 65.4% and NPV was 80.0%. Conclusion: CT chest has a very good sensitivity for detection of COVID-19, it can be used as a rapid diagnostic tool especially in areas of pandemic. However, the specificity of CT chest is low, that can limit its use in low COVID-19 affected areas. Keywords: COVID-19, Computed tomography, False Positive, True Positive, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value.

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Objectives: The objective was to determine accuracy of ultrasound in thediagnosis of ureteric calculi confirmed on non-contrast Computed Tomography amongpatients with acute ureteric colic. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: EmergencyDepartment of Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: 11-07-2012 to 10-01-2013. Materials andMethods: 100 consecutive patients presenting with acute severe ureteric colic and fulfillingthe inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled for the study from the emergency departmentof Nishtar Hospital Multan. Ultrasonography was done in all patients and USG findings wererecorded for the presence or absence of hyperechoic shadows in the ureteric. All the patientsunderwent CT scan to confirm or refute the findings of Ultrasonography. Result: Mean age ofthe patients was 37.85 + 12.60 years. Males were 53 (53%) while females were 47 (47%). Meanduration of pain before presentation was 14.81 + 6.20 hours. Mean severity of pain on visualanalogue scale was 9.40 + 0.8. Overall 79 patients were diagnosed as having ureteric calculi.Ultrasonography detected the ureteric stone in 75 patients and was all found to have stoneon CT scan and represented true positives. Among 25 patients in whom ultrasound did notdemonstrate any stone, 4 were found to have ureteric stone on CT scan thus representing falsenegative whereas 21 (84%) were confirmed on CT scan not to have any stone, thus representingTrue negatives. The sensitivity of USG for detection of ureteric stone was found to be 94.9%,the specificity was 100%, and positive predictive value was 100% while negative predictivevalue was 84% .There was no significant effect of age or gender on the accuracy of ultrasound.Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a readily available, non-invasive and reliable investigation inpatients presenting with acute flank pain to diagnose ureteric stones with a specificity of 100%and a sensitivity approaching 95%. Thus it is recommended that it should be used routinely forthe evaluation of patients presenting with acute flank pain.