Background: Mouthwashes are antiseptic solutions and produce anti-inflammatory properties against periodontal infections in humans.  Several in-vitro studies have been performed against virulent strains, as evidenced by an appropriate knowledge about their quality, effectiveness and safety in this research. This study is designed to test the antimicrobial effects and evaluation of mouthwashes against pathogens involved in dental caries and oral infections. Methodology: Rinse solution (Mouthwash) has been developed by three different formulations.  Anti-caries solutions were applied and checked against virulent bacterial and fungal pathogens. The antimicrobial effectiveness was identified using the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Chemisol showed potential killing activity and a zone of inhibition against pathogens ranging in 21-30 mm, which comparatively have higher zones than biosol and herbisol. Biosol also indicated efficacy within 11-13 mm zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhi ATCC-14028, Salmonella enterica ATCC-6017 resistant to herbisol and chemisol. Moreover, biosol exhibited greater MIC against most microorganisms at direct concentration and 1:10 dilution compared to herbisol and chemisol. Conclusion: The significant difference observed in the antimicrobial activities of herbal, herbal & allopathic combination and allopathic dental washes against pathogenic strains. This study concluded that proper gargling with mouth wash solutions reduces the risk of life-threatening strains from fecal water & food.

Background: Pre and post-harvest spoilage is becoming a severe concern not only in Pakistan but also worldwide. Foodborne illness remains prevalent throughout Pakistan because of the lack of informed risks and safe handling practices of the food preparers and handlers at each food chain point. It causes food spoilage that results in substantial economic losses to both producers (farmers) and consumers. Therefore, this article aimed to review the microbial load of meat, dairy, and seafood products and how the microbial load/population's shelf life and food quality can be affected. Methodology: During this experimental study, a total 127 samples were collected directly from different industries and included. Total bacterial count (TBC), total coliform count (TCC), fecal coliform count (FCC) and detection of Salmonella were done to check the quality of foods of animal origin collected from the different food industries from 2019 to 2020 and Pakistan standard (P.S.) of food quality was used to compare the results. Results: Among 127 analyzed samples, 27 (34.29%) samples were found contaminated with four bacterial parameters, TBC (6.35%), TCC (19%), and FCC (8.89%). At the same time, Salmonella spp were found absent in all of the samples analyzed. Among seven perishable food commodities, the higher percentage of unsatisfactory samples were observed in the chicken meat (1.62%) and beef meat samples (1.5%), while fresh milk was highly contaminated (0.9%) as compared to the powder milk (0.42%), followed by yogurt (0.26%). Shrimp (0.26%) and fish items (0.2%) showed the least percentage of unsatisfactory samples. Conclusion: The results suggest that a significant quality difference is observed in the food items sold in the central region of Karachi, further representing a vulnerability to human health in terms of bacteriological hazards. Our findings suggest that safety measures should be taken seriously to stay away from possible uncertainties.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of seasonal variation on the microbiological quality of various food items collected from Karachi, Pakistan. A total of two thousand food samples were collected during summer, winter, spring, and autumn season and analyzed for total bacterial count (TBC), total Califarm count (TCC), Fecal califarm count (FCC), mould and yeast count (MYC) and Salmanella spp. The highest percentage of unfit samples was recorded during summer i.e. 25.95%, while the lowest value 11.24% and samples were found unfit in terms of total bacterial count during winter. Furthermore, 24.25% of samples were unsatisfactory during the autumn season followed by spring i.e. 14.54%. Moreover, findings further demonstrated that MYC was observed higher in all seasons as compared to TBC. None of the samples was found positive for Salmanella spp.