<p><span>This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below:</span></p><p>A 3 year old healthy female baby had been stung with a swarm of wasps on her entire body while passing a coconut tree containing wasp nest at Chakoria, Cox’s Bazar. She developed severe pain and itching at the site of stings and swelling of the body within minutes. Immediately she was seen by a local physician and was treated with the injection of hydrocortisone and  pheniramine maleate. On the following day, she gradually developed yellowish tint of the whole body (Figure 1), followed by passage of reddish scanty urine. For these reasons, she was referred to Chittagong Medical College and Hospital and was treated with injection cefotaxime, flucloxacillin,  hydrocortisone and dopamine.</p>

Objective: Very low birth weight infants make a large contribution to neonatal mortality and morbidity. Mortality and morbidities vary according to birth weight and to gestational age. Moreover, clinical outcomes may vary between different areas as a result of specific treatment strategies in individual intensive care units. Therefore, databases about very low birth weight babies, classified on the basis of GA and BW, important for clinical decision-making. Published data on outcomes of very low birth weight infants from Bangladesh are also limited. The aim of the present study was to assess the short-term outcomes of infants with birth weights less than 1500 g treated at Square Hospital, Dhaka, over a 2 years period and the outcomes in neonates with Gestational age <30 wks were compared with infants with gestational age 30wks or more in very low birth weight group. Patients and methods:Data of very low birth weight infants, admitted at Squire Hospitals from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013 were recorded prospectively. The outcomes in neonates with Gestational age <30 wks were compared with infants with gestational age 30wks or more in very low birth weight group.Results: A total of 109 infants with birth weights of 1500 g or less were included, 62 babies were ≥30 wks GA and 47 babies were <30 wks GA. 23 (21%) babies were Extreme low birth weight and 86(79%) babies were within 1000gm to 1500gm. 82(75%) babies survived to discharge. Survival rates were 6% and 75% for infants weighing <1000g and 1000g to 1500g respectively. Survival rate were 28(60%) and 54(87%) in GA<30wks and ≥ 30 wks respectively. Fifty five (50.4%) babies were male and mean (SD) gestational age (GA) was 29(2.46) weeks with a range of 24 to 35 weeks. Mean (SD) birth weight was 1184 (240) g with a range of 618g to 1500 g. 87(80%) of infants were born by cesarean section. The rate of patent ductus arteriosus was 39(36%), intraventricular hemorrhage 12(11%) and clinical sepsis was 82(75%), culture proven sepsis was 13(11.9%), RDS was 48(44%), 30% were ventilated with 35 %surfactant administration rate. Mean (SD) birth weight gain days was 18(7), mean (SD) discharge weight 1486(198) and mean (SD) stay days 23(14). RDS, PDA, sepsis, death more in <30 wks in comparison to ≥30 wks. More babies were ventilated and got surfactant in <30 wks. Pneumothorax and pulmonary hemorrhage also more in <30wks. Conclusion:Survival of VLBW is more and complications less in ≥ 30weeks gestational age group.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) contain numerous biomolecules. It is the third most abundant solid component of breast milk, after lactose and lipids, that plays an important role in infant growth and the development of human life. Several studies have reported the health benefits of HMOs, which include modulation of the intestinal microbiota, antiadhesive effect against pathogens, modulation of the intestinal epithelial cell response, development of the immune system, increasing the intestinal barrier and so many health benefits can be achieved through the presence of HMOs in breast milk. Infant growth is indirectly or directly dependent on so many compounds of the biological and chemical composition of mother milk, HMOs are one of them. The genetic background of the mothers and the diversity of HMOs are determined and the nonsecretor mothers secrete lower HMOs than secretor mothers. The breastfed infants of secretor mothers gain more health benefits than those of non-secretor mothers. Here the study critically reviewed the role of HMOs in proper growth, immune system, and development in ensuring the health impact of infants and toddlers. The study also focuses on current knowledge of the HMOs study and the beneficial effect of HMOs types and their importance to infant growth and protection against NEC. HMOs are applied now in infant formulas to imitative nutrition composition of breast milk and their study and challenges are vastly discussed in a specific manner in the human study. In conclusion, it is stated that the supplementation of infant formula with 2′-FL and LNnT is a promising innovation for infant nutrition.