This study investigated summer farming in the Chornohora and the adaptation strategies practiced in summer pasturelands, using field observations, in-depth interviews with local inhabitants, and official data from Ukrainian institutions. The indigenous Hutsul people have developed organizational forms of animal husbandry-often based on family farming-that they try to follow despite the lack of support from the state. Which of the summer farming types practiced in the Chornohora adapts well to modern challenges? What can be learned from the Chornohora's example for the protection of traditional landscapes shaped by seasonal grazing in other mountain regions? We approach these problems through 5 case studies, chosen from more than 40 farms that were investigated during visits to the study area over 5 years, illustrating a range of practices from traditional transhumance to agritourism and including both private and collective farms, some within protected areas. Chornohora's 40 working farms present a unique contrast to the common pattern of grassland abandonment and afforestation in the Ukrainian Carpathians.

This paper discusses the results of a study on the influence of Natura 2000 sites on local development, as emerge from analyses of the content of Management Plans (MPs) for 40 sites located in the Polish Carpathians, as well as from case studies and documentary evidence, including administrative decisions connected with Natura 2000. Particular attention is given to those topics and stakeholders that dominate the public debate on MPs, potential and existing threats as identified in MPs, implementation suggestions for local plans and strategies, and how regulations are applied during the realization of any spatial development. The main findings suggest that Natura 2000 acts as a break on proposed spatial development only in very specific locations where high biological values meet sports facilities and settlement development pressure. Nevertheless, large-scale conflicts could potentially appear in forestry and the management of waterways.

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