ABSTRACT:The article examines what motivates people to participate in a cultural institution's participatory interventions. In recent decades, the changing roles of cultural institutions and the concepts of defining museum audiences are brought together in the case study of the Estonian National Museum's participatory interventions. This paper indicates that motivations for participation are emotional and personal, that social goals are often overestimated, but the wish to cooperate and gain recognition from institutions have often been underestimated as motivators. The museum's roles to support intercultural dialogue and facilitate diverse views were not supported by the participational interventions. Analysis indicated that being a participant does not make people more critical or dialogical in a museum context, as the topics the participants chose to be involved with are appropriate to their own experiences, contexts and assumptions. CHanGinG roLes of MUseUMsThe modern cultural and institutional roles of museums are characterized by the complexity of the relations, pressures and goals surrounding them. Museums can be described as: temples of civilization, sites for the creation of citizens, forums of debate, settings for cultural interchange and negotiation of values, engines of economic renewal and revenue generation, imposed colonialist enterprises, havens of elitist distinction and discrimination, or places of empowerment and recognition etc (Kratz & Karp, 2006: 1-4). All of which generate new circumstances and opportunities of development.In order to examine the multiple roles of a museum, I selected the six most prominent topics in modern museum discourse: 1) Museums are governmental, collective and educative. The view that heritage is a valuable source of meaning making, a collective representation of tradition and ideals, which is closely connected to informal public education and guided by official cultural policy (for example Hall, 2005; Bennett, 2006: 59).2) Heritage as facilitator. The idea that the museum is in control of 'facilitating the world to people' , where heritage and tradition are envisaged as a social glue that might be used to stick together disparate bits of society and to attach those sectors that seem to have become detached (Macdonald, 2008;Ciolfi, 2012).3) Heritage's importance to cultural tourism and economy. In the contexts of the creative industry and cultural tourism, there are successful sectors amongst which heritage-related activities have considerable economic importance (Menger, 2010; Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, 2006). 4) Global and technological change. Museums are elements of globalized flows of information, people and ideas; they reach beyond their spaces and national boundaries through the Internet. Technology has caused changes in the notions of objects and exhibitions, and placed the concepts of real and original artefacts on the public agenda (Ross, 2010).5) Issues of expertise. Digitalised collections have made museum collections more open, more visible and more used ...

Introduction

The present study aims to describe the dynamics of spatial-temporal relations in daily newspaper texts. This includes agreements on what constitutes the 'present', the extent of the 'past' and the 'future', and where the reader's hypothetical place in space is. The temporal dimensions that emerged in Estonian newspapers (Päevaleht, Rahva Hääl, Eesti Päevaleht) were strongly future-oriented. This was a characteristic tendency throughout the 20th century and it can be noted even today. The orientation towards future is notable in comparison with Finnish (Helsingin Sanomat) and Russian (Pravda) newspaper texts.

No abstract

This article focuses on the thematic structure and contextualisation of the future in the main daily newspapers of the three neighbouring countries of Finland, Estonia and Russia throughout the 20th century. We mapped the content of 2079 Finnish, 2242 Estonian and 1723 Russian daily newspaper articles. The Finnish Helsingin Sanomat concentrated on the issue of "state and legislation"; the second most common topic in the Finnish sample was economics, at about 20 percent of the articles, with the exception of the 1910s and 1930s. In Estonia we did not fi nd any dominant topic during the 20th century; there were many diff erent topics related to the agenda. Politics and governance and related issues were particularly dominant during the periods of independence. Economy-related issues were more or less dominant during the period of Soviet occupation. The topics of economics and human relations and values were dominant in the Russian Pravda throughout the 20th century. The analysis reveals that Finnish media were more diverse than Estonian and Russian, which displayed a lack of diversity especially during the Communist period.