We recommend that healthcare organisations should consider the implementation of regular Spine Care for Nurses programmes as successful low back injury prevention programmes.

Objectives To compare pelvic floor muscle strength, severity of urinary incontinence symptoms and health related quality of life between parous and nulliparous women; and to investigate the efficacy of pelvic floor muscle training in improving symptoms of urinary incontinence and health related quality of life in the previously mentioned two groups. Materials and methods Initially, 67 women were included in the study. Pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance were evaluated pre-treatment using the Pelvic floor exerciser. Participants were assessed before and after 10 weeks of pelvic floor muscle training by using The International Consultation of Incontinence Questionnaire – Short Form for symptoms severity, and The King’s Health Questionnaire for health related quality of life. Results The final sample included 32 participants: sixteen parous and sixteen nulliparous women between 18 and 50 years of age. Before the intervention, parous women (75%) were 2 times more likely to report urinary incontinence than nulliparous women (37.5%). They also had significantly lower pelvic floor muscle strength (p=.001), pelvic floor muscle endurance (p=.001), and more severe symptoms related to urinary incontinence (p=.009). Additionally, parous women had poorer disease specific quality of life in all domains. After the intervention, symptoms severity scores decreased significantly among both parous (p=.007) and nulliparous women (p=.038). Regarding quality of life, both groups had major improvements in all domains. Conclusions Our results suggest that urinary incontinence is more common among parous women. They experience more severe symptoms and have lower health related quality of life. Additionally, pelvic floor muscle training seems to be effective for improving symptoms of urinary incontinence and health related quality of life among both parous and nulliparous women.

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perceptions towards generics were investigated, concluding to the chosen independent variables. Results: A positive attitude (odds ratio > 1) on the safety of generics versus originators was identified for older individuals, those with higher income and those with less bill payment difficulties, people who express trust to the medical community, persons with a positive view towards the pharmaceutical industry, those with a positive view for the drugs in general and persons who are willing to be dispensed and prescribed a generic through its active substance. Similarly, a positive attitude (odds ratio > 1) on the efficacy of generics versus originators exists for higher income individuals, those with less bill payment difficulties, persons that have a positive view for the pharmaceutical industry, those with a positive view for drugs in general, and those who concede their doctor and pharmacist to prescribe and dispense a generic. All variables are statistically significant at the .05 level. ConClusions: Consumer preferences as derived from the perception of the population towards generic drugs should be highly considered when creating policies towards improving generic penetration in the market.

Absztrakt: Célkitűzések: a kutatás legfőbb célkitűzése a statikus és dinamikus egyensúly fejlesztése lovasterápiával. Anyag és módszerek: a kutatás a csíksomlyói Pegazus lovardában zajlott. A lovasterápia három hónapon keresztül hetente kétszer folyt, a február-május időszakban. A vizsgált személyek köre négy, 8-9 éves lányból állt, akik a lovaglás-ban különböző előképzettséggel rendelkeztek. A mozgásprogram közben, a bemelegítés után, mozgó lovon, normál-univerzális nyereggel vagy nélküle, kengyelek és kantárszár használata nélkül végezték a speciális gyakorlatokat. Eredmények: a statikus és a dinamikus egyensúlyvizsgálat során minden vizsgált személy kevesebb hibát vétett, mint a kutatás kezdetekor. Azt is megfigyelhettük, hogy a dinamikus egyensúlyvizsgálat közben a hibázási alkalmak sűrűbbek, illetve a vizuális kontroll kikapcsolása nagymértékben megnö-veli a feladat teljesítésekor a hibák számát. Következtetés: a lovasterápia jól alkalmazható a statikus és a dinamikus egyensúly fejlesztésére. Kulcsszavak: egyensúly, fejlesztés, lovasterápia Abstract: Objectives: The main objective of the research is the improvement of static and dynamic balance with hippotherapy. Material and methods: The research and therapy program took place in Csíksomlyó, at the Pegazus riding centre and lasted for three months from February to May. The research group comprised four girls aged 8-9 years. They had different experience and knowledge about riding. During the movement-program the girls did special exercises after the warming up with or without saddle, bridle and stirrup. Results: During the research of static and dynamic equilibrium each tested person made fewer mistakes than before the therapy. Additionally, it could be also observed, that during the research of the dynamic equilibrium the number of mistakes were higher. Furthermore, the completion of the exercises without visual control was much more difficult and in this case the tested persons made more mistakes. Conclusion: Hippotherapy can be well applied for the development of the static and dynamic equilibrium.