Introduction: Since implementation, electroconvulsive therapy has remained very effective treatment in psychiatry. The aim of this study is to present the differences in its use in medical practice around the world. The range of diseases in which ECT is most commonly used and the frequency of its use in different countries were compared with special attention to the differences between highly and poorly developed countries. Material and method: Review of literature by searching PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords: indications of ECT, frequency of ECT use for papers published from 1991 to 2021. Results: Among the diseases for which electroconvulsive therapy is used worldwide, major depression dominates, while in Asia and Africa this therapy is used in schizophrenia. In Latin America it is used primarily for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In Poland, it is used for depression, bipolar disorder, and fewer for schizophrenia. The highest rate of people treated with therapy per 100,000 population is found in countries such as the USA (51), Canada (23.2-25.6), Australia (37.85), Sweden (41), Finland (23), Slovakia (29.2), Estonia (27.8) and Belgium (47). Conclusions: There is a relationship between the range of diseases most frequently treated with ECT, the frequency of use and the level of country development. In the high developed countries, ECT is used mainly in major depression, in less developed countries more frequent treatment of schizophrenia may be determined by the high cost of medications and limited availability of hospital beds. The highest rates of use of this therapy are found in more developed countries.

Introduction: Self-mutilation is of an auto-aggressive nature. They take many forms. Usually they do not occur as an isolated phenomenon. Self-injuring persons often have a diagnosed mental disorder, and a psychiatric diagnosis is one of the risk factors for the occurrence of self-harm. Material and method: In this study, articles were analyzed that contained information on the occurrence of various mental disorders. These articles searched for information on the occurrence of self-mutilation, its type, origin and causes.  Discussion: Self-mutilation is common in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis. The frequency of such behaviors can range from 33% to 50% in people with autism, up to 22%, and even 49% in people diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Acts of selfharm may affect 50-78% of people diagnosed with border-line personality disorder. In adolescents with eating disorders, 41% of patients report self-harm. In the group of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder, it may be as high as 77.3%. People with depression are also a large self-injuring group. It is reported that it may be up to 71.2% of patients with unipolar disorder. Conclusions: Self-mutilation is a phenomenon that is more and more topical and common not only in the adolescent population. This is a multi-factorial issue. One of the risk factors are mental disorders. Self-mutineers choose various methods, and this choice depends, among others, on from recognition. The size of the phenomenon and its evolution make it necessary to study it in order to increase the level of knowledge, update information and, consequently, the ability to help people at risk of NSSI.  Keywords: self-mutilation, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, personality disorders

Introduction: With the increase in popularity of VOD (Video on Demand) platforms, there has been an increase in binge-watching and associated processes, which may influence the development of ‘mean world syndrome’. The aim of this study is to analyse current knowledge of the above phenomena and their interrelationships. Material and methods: A narrative review of the available literature was conducted by searching PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: binge-watching, mean world syndrome, fear of missing out (FOMO), speed-watching from 2000 to 2021 Results: The most important motivations for the development of binge-watching are social aspects, fear of missing out (FOMO), hedonistic needs and escape from reality. The process is exacerbated by depressive-anxiety disorders, loneliness, pathological overeating and neglect of responsibilities. To save time, viewers often practice speed-watching. A positive correlation has been shown between the severity of binge-watching and mean-world syndrome in viewers who watch series such as: House of Cards, The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, Marco Polo, Bloodline and Daredevil, as well as the frequency of watching horror films and viewers’ belief that they are more likely to die. In contrast, no relationship was shown with fear for safety in one’s home. People, who watch reality shows with a competitive scenario, perceive the world to be more hypocritical and manipulated. Conclusions:Compulsive viewing of violent programmes co-occurs with the phenomena of FOMO and speed-watching and can exacerbate the perception of the world as a dangerous place. In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, both phenomena have increased, affecting the functioning of society.

CelCelem pracy jest przegląd dotychczasowych badań poświęconych możliwościom zastosowania niskich dawek naltreksonu (LDN) w terapii NSSI przeprowadzonych na modelach zwierzęcych oraz ludzkich.MetodaDokonano przeglądu dostępnej literatury w języku polskim oraz angielskim poświęconej NSSI, używając słów kluczy: niesamobójcze samouszkodzenia, NSSI, naltrekson, LDN, samouszkodzenia, autoagresja oraz deskryptorów czasowych 1982-2022, przeszukując bazy PubMed/MEDLINE oraz Google Scholar. Przegląd oparto na informacjach zawartych w pracach oryginalnych, przeglądowych oraz opisach przypadków. W celu weryfikacji jakości artykułu, posłużono się sześciopunktową skalą SANRA (Scale for the Assesment of Narrative Review Articles).WynikiBadania przeprowadzone na modelach zwierzęcych potwierdzają zasadność stosowania LDN w zapobieganiu nawykowym samouszkodzeniom. W odniesieniu do możliwości zastosowania klinicznego wyniki stosunkowo nielicznych przeprowadzonych badań potwierdzają skuteczność naltreksonu w dawce 25-50 mg/dobę w NSSI w postaci istotnej redukcji lub zaprzestania dokonywania samookaleczeń.WnioskiZastosowanie LDN w terapii NSSI wydaje się obiecującą opcją kliniczną, wymagającą jednak potwierdzenia swej skuteczności w większej liczbie randomizowanych kontrolowanych placebo badań klinicznych.