Colour measuring instruments have become more reliable, smaller and faster than their predecessors at significantly lower costs for the users. This article has been written to provide practical guidelines for technologists, technicians and scientists to better understand colour measurement of dairy products. The results of milk colour measurement are used to determine the health of cows, as well as the quality of the raw material. The measurement of the colour of final dairy products makes it possible to determine their quality and to monitor changes occurring during storage. The article presents the theory of colour evaluation in the CIE L* a* b* space. It specifies what conditions need to be fulfilled while determining the colour and what information should be given when publishing data on colour. The article explains what affects the colour of milk. The article gives examples of studies on the colours of dairy products and practical applications of such studies.

ABSTRACT:The objective of this study was to investigate the development of rumen mucosa and the level of plasma IGF-1 in calves induced by different amounts and types of milk replacers and solid diet. Forty-five male Holstein calves 7 days of age were assigned to three groups: group I milk free replacer, late weaned; group II milk free replacer, early weaned, and group III milk replacer, early weaned. All animals received additional concentrate, water and maize silage were offered ad libitum. In each group, three calves were slaughtered at 41 days of age. The concentration of ruminal total SCFA and the molar proportion of butyrate did not differ between the groups, but the molar proportion of acetate was lower (P = 0.01) and the proportion of propionate was higher (P = 0.02) in early weaned calves. Compared to the late weaned calves (group I) the length, width and surface of the papillae of atrium ruminis, the length and width of the papillae of ventral ruminal sac and the length of the papillae of ventral blind sac were greater (P < 0.05) in the early weaned calves fed low amounts of milk and high amounts of concentrate (group III). Furthermore, there was a tendency of plasma IGF-1 concentration to be increased (P = 0.1) in early weaned calves. The plasma levels of glucose and insulin were decreased (P < 0.01, and P = 0.03, respectively). Positive correlations existed between papillae length and plasma IGF-1 concentrations (P < 0.10). Insulin and glucose concentrations were negatively correlated with parameters of papillae development (P < 0.1). In conclusion, the development of rumen papillae was stimulated in calves consuming increased amounts of concentrate. The effect was not correlated with the molar proportion of butyrate, but with the molar propionate proportion in the rumen and with the plasma IGF-1 concentration.

The study showed that a storage-stable meat product - liver pâté - characterized by a high nutritional value can be designed through the addition of flax oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids and flaxseed extract. The addition of 0.05% of the extract was found to be sufficient to improve the liver pâté's oxidative stability; it can thus be recommended for this type of product. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

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This paper presents a study on the antiradical properties of red fruits commonly consumed in Europe, i.e. strawberry (Fragaria ananasa), raspberry (Rubus ideaus), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) and pomegranate (Punica granatum) extracts by various in vitro tests as well as the determination of qualitative and quantitative features of their phenolic compounds. Our results indicated richness of red fruits in phenolic compounds and variability of their chemical mixtures dominated generally by anthocyanins, ellagic acid and their derivatives. The selected fruit extracts exhibited notable antiradical activity by DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and PCL assays with significant correlation to phenolic content and remarkable influence of the chemical composition. This investigation indicated that the red fruits examined constitute prosperous natural sources of antiradical substances of high value which would benefit the product quality and consumers' health.