Ibuprofen (IBU) and ketoprofen (KET) are among the world’s most popular and widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Due to their high usage, these drugs have entered the environment, including the soil, and, like any other chemical compound, can have a negative effect on it. Therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate the effects of these two popular drugs on soil bacteria and fungi, the bivalve crustaceans (Heterocipris incongruens) and the growth and development of spring barley. The tested drugs did not show any negative effects on the total bacterial abundance. Effects were observed on the growth and survival of H. incongruens and on the abundance of fungi in the soil at the highest concentrations tested. The presence of IBU and KET in the soil in which spring barley was cultivated caused an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and guaiacol peroxidase (POD); an increase in the content of proline and ascorbic acid (AsA) in the seedlings of this grain; and a decrease in the yield of fresh plant weight, especially at the application of concentrations of 100 and 1000 mg·kg−1 of soil’s dry weight (DW). Effects on barley seed germination potential and germination capacity, plant dry matter content, assimilation pigment content and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also observed at the highest concentrations.

Streszczenie: Niebezpieczeństwo wynikające z obecności pałeczek z rodzaju Listeria, zwłaszcza Listeria monocytogenes w środowisku i produktach spożywczych, każdego roku przyczynia się do zejść śmiertelnych, zarówno wśród ludzi jak i zwierząt. Zdolność bakterii do egzystencji saprofitycznej oraz pasożytniczej, a także niewrażliwość na wiele czynników fizykochemicznych, znacząco ułatwia rozprzestrzenianie i gwarantuje dostęp do szerokiej grupy osobników podatnych na infekcję. Pomimo tego, że czynniki predysponujące do rozwoju zakażenia pociągają za sobą stosunkowo niską częstość jego wystąpienia, to charakteryzuje je wysoka śmiertelność i znaczny stopień hospitalizacji. Choroba objawia się najczęściej w postaci bakteriemii, zapalenia opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych i mózgu, a także zakażeń okołoporodowych. Sposób rozprzestrzeniania bakterii w organizmie sprawia, że wciąż identyfikowane są nowe typy zachorowań. Najnowsze badania dotyczące nabywania cech chorobotwórczości, wysokości dawki, czy rozwoju antybiotykooporności, a także liczne raporty dotyczące częstości występowania tych bakterii i powodowanych przez nie lokalnych epidemii, doprowadziły do zwiększenia częstości kontroli w tym zakresie i zmiany kwalifikacji choroby. Obecnie listeriozę postrzega się jako współczesne zagrożenie dla życia i zdrowia.

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It is estimated that each year more than 2 million people suffer from diarrheal diseases, resulting from the consumption of contaminated meat. Foodborne infections are most frequently caused by small Gram-negative rods Campylobacter. The hosts of these bacteria are mainly birds wherein they are part of the normal intestinal flora. During the commercial slaughter, there is a likelihood of contamination of carcasses by the bacteria found in the intestinal content. In Europe, up to 90% of poultry flocks can be a reservoir of the pathogen. According to the European Food Safety Authority report from 2015, the number of reported and confirmed cases of human campylobacteriosis exceeds 200 thousands per year, and such trend remains at constant level for several years. The occurrence of growing antibiotic resistance in bacteria forces the limitation of antibiotic use in the animal production. Therefore, the European Union allows only using stringent preventive and hygienic treatment on farms. Achieving Campylobacter free chickens using these methods is possible, but difficult to implement and expensive. Utilization of bacterial viruses - bacteriophages, can be a path to provide the hygienic conditions of poultry production and food processing. Formulations applied in the food protection should contain strictly lytic bacteriophages, be non-pyrogenic and retain long lasting biological activity. Currently, on the market there are available commercial bacteriophage preparations for agricultural use, but neither includes phages against Campylobacter. However, papers on the application of bacteriophages against Campylobacter in chickens and poultry products were published in the last few years. In accordance with the estimates, 2-logarithm reduction of Campylobacter in poultry carcases will contribute to the 30-fold reduction in the incidence of campylobacteriosis in humans. Research on bacteriophages against Campylobacter have cognitive and economic importance. The paper presents current state of research on bacteriophages targeted against Campylobacter.