Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) can provide information about the origin of analysed compounds; for instance, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aerosols. This could be a valuable tool in source apportionment of particulate matter (PM) air pollution. Because gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) analysis requires an amount of at least 10 ng of an individual PAH, a high concentration of PAHs in the injected extract is needed. When the concentration is low a large volume injector creates the possibility of introducing a satisfactory amount of individual PAHs. In this study a temperature-programmable injector was coupled to GC-C-IRMS and injection parameters (solvent level, transfer column flow, transfers time) were optimised using six solid aromatic compounds (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene) dissolved in n-pentane and EPA 610 reference mixture. CSIA results for solid PAHs were compared with results obtained for the single components analysed by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The injection method was validated for two sample injection volumes, 50 and 100 microL. This method was also compared with commonly used splitless injection. To be included in the study, measurements had to have an uncertainty lower than 0.5 per thousand for delta(VPDB)13C and a minimum peak height of 200 mV. The lower concentration limits at which these criteria were fulfilled for PAHs were 30 mg/L for 1 microL in splitless injection and 0.3 and 0.2 mg/L for 50 and 100 microL, respectively, in large volume injection.

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Compound specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) can provide information about the origin of analysed compounds - in this case, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the study, PAHs were extracted from three dust samples: winter and summer filter dust and tunnel dust. The measurement was performed using the method validated in our laboratory using pure, solid compounds and EPA 610 reference assortment. CSIA required an appropriate clean-up method to avoid an unresolved complex in the gas chromatographic analysis usually found in the chromatography of PAHs. Extensive sample clean-up for this particular matrix was found to be necessary to obtain good gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis results. The sample purification method included two steps in which the sample is cleaned up and the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are separated. The concentration of PAHs in the measured samples was low; so a large volume injection technique (100 microl) was applied. The delta(VPDB)(13)C was measured with a final uncertainty smaller than 1 per thousand. Comparison of the delta(VPDB)(13)C signatures of PAHs extracted from different dust samples was feasible with this method and, doing so, significant differences were observed.

The properties of the carbonate neutral carrier 4-( n-hexadecyl)-3-nitro-1-trifluoroacetylbenzene were compared with those of a similar carrier, without a nitro group, studied previously. In spite of differences in the Hammett constant of the carbonyl group responsible for interaction with the analyte, the analytical characteristics of both carriers, measured under the same conditions, were comparable. Special care was taken to avoid the presence of an excessive carbon dioxide level in the diffusion layer at the membrane-solution interface. The internal reference solution was prepared without carbonate components; the external solution was protected from contact with atmospheric carbon dioxide. Under such conditions the detection limit of both electrodes was extended to 10(-11 )mol L(-1), and the selectivity towards salicylate, chloride, and acetate was significantly improved.

<p>Celem pracy jest porównanie potocznej i specjalistycznej językowej konceptualizacji przeżyć z kategorii WSTYDU i DUMY. Punkt wyjścia stanowi pytanie o rolę języka w kształtowaniu myśli i uczuć. Część główna obejmuje opis konceptualizacji wstydu i dumy utrwalonych w polszczyźnie ogólnej (w porównaniu z językiem angielskim) oraz analizę stosowanych przez psychologów i psychoterapeutów terminów i sposobów obrazowania tych przeżyć (w tekstach pisanych po polsku lub tłumaczonych z języka angielskiego na język polski). W zakończeniu wskazano na wartość interdyscyplinarnej współpracy między psychologami i lingwistami w zakresie badań nad emocjami.</p>