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Motivation: Studies on the impact of the Eastern enlargement on economies of the EU15 indicate that the new member states could not be a significant engine for development processes. However, this does not exclude that the Eastern enlargement and acceding countries could have a significant impact on the mechanisms of the development of the EU15. If we consider Eastern enlargement as a Schumpeterian innovation, its long-term effects should be evident in the way creative destruction affects economic development. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the Eastern enlargement on the economic development of the EU15 in the context of creative destruction. In particular, the aim of the empirical analyzes was to determine whether and to what extent the enlargement of the EU was a factor modifying the impact of creative destruction on the development of “old” members countries, and to identify the role of the new member states in these processes. Results: Econometric analysis confirmed that creative destruction influenced economic development in the EU15, and that Eastern enlargement was a factor modifying the relationship between creation, destruction, and the rate of change of GDP per capita. The Eastern enlargement has mobilized two opposing forces. The “internal” force resulting from market selection in the EU15, which after 2004 became an active component of creative destruction, contributing however to a lower rate of change in GDP per capita. The “external” force, related to the mechanism of transmission of impulses within the grouping: synergy effects from destruction in new member countries were a catalyst for the development processes of the EU15, and synergy effects from creation were inhibitors for these processes. In the context of our research the “development leaders” can be considered the largest beneficiaries of Eastern enlargement in the EU15.

Purpose – The aim of the article is to analyse changes in labour productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of Schumpeter’s concept of creative destruction and the work of economists on the role of innovation and market selection during economic crises. Research method – In the theoretical part of the article the method of deduction was used. In the empirical layer, econometric methods (AR, ARDL models) and the evometrics were used. Results – Changes in labour productivity during the COVID-19 pandemic in an economy devoid of adaptive innovations would be subject to mechanisms of simple destruction, leading to its stagnation in the long run. Originality /value /implications /recommendations – The concept of “destruction which brings creation” provides an alternative theoretical framework for interpreting the productivity changes during the COVID-19 pandemic, opening up a promising avenue for studying the behaviour of economic systems in abnormal conditions. According to our concept, state intervention aimed at limiting the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (lockdown) triggers innovative adaptation activities of entities leading to the transformation of processes typical for simple destruction into destruction which brings creation. In the context of our concept, a policy of promoting innovation already during the COVID-19 crisis is a necessary condition, and the inclusion of the efficiency criterion in state aid is a sufficient condition for initiating post-crisis growth.

Od drugiej połowy XX wieku obok tradycyjnych form międzynarodowych stosunków gospodarczych (wymiana towarów i usług) coraz większe znaczenie zyskują bezpośrednie inwestycje zagraniczne (BIZ). Każdego roku na rynku światowym przepływy BIZ osiągają wartość kilkuset miliardów dolarów, jednakże udział poszczególnych regionów i krajów w tym procesie charakteryzuje znaczna rozbieżność. Dominującą rolę w światowych strumieniach BIZ odgrywają państwa rozwinięte, przede wszystkim kraje Europy Zachodniej, USA i Japonia, na które przypada około 75% realizowanych inwestycji 1. Jednocześnie te same regiony charakteryzuje przywództwo w zakresie pozyskiwania bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych, a ich udział w imporcie kapitału kształtuje się na poziomie około 60%. W tym kontekście osiągnięcia krajów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (EŚW) nie wydają się zbyt imponujące. Należy jednak zaznaczyć, że faktyczna integracja krajów postsocjalistycznych z rynkiem światowym była możliwa dopiero w latach 90. Razem 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 * dane szacunkowe Źródło: opracowanie własne na podstawie danych UNCTAD, PAIiIZ.

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