Candida albicans is a dimorphic yeast strongly gram positive able to live as normal commensal organism in the oral cavity of healthy people. It is the yeast more frequently isolated in the oral cavity. Under local and systemic factors related to the host conditions, it becomes virulent and responsible of oral diseases known as oral candidiasis. It has been shown that the presence of denture is a predisposing factor to the onset of pathologies related to C. albicans. Clinical studies have shown that C. albicans is not only able to adhere to the mucous surfaces, but also to stick to the acrylic resins of the dental prostheses. Both the plaque accumulated on the denture and the poor oral hygiene contribute to the virulence of Candida, offering the clinical picture of Candida-associated denture stomatitis. The therapeutic strategies currently adopted in the clinical practice to overcome these fungal infections provide for the use of topical and/or systemic antifungal and topical antiseptics and disinfectants, the irradiation with microwaves and the accurate mechanical removal of the bacterial plaque from the denture surfaces and from the underlying mucosa. A correct oral hygiene is important for the control of the bacterial biofilm present on the denture and on the oral mucosa and it is the fundamental base for the prophylaxis and the therapy of the Candidaassociated denture stomatitis.

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are a class of synthetic drugs commonly used to treat bone metastasis and various bone diseases that cause osseous fragility (such as osteoporosis). Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a common complication in patients who received BPs, especially intravenously. Recently, osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) caused by chemotherapeutic not belonging to BPs drug class has been reported. For this reason, it has been proposed recently to rename BRONJ in antiresorptive agents related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ), to include a wider spectrum of drugs that may cause osteonecrosis of the jaw. The most debated topic about ARONJ/BRONJ is therapy. The most adequate procedure is far from being standardized and prevention seems to play a pivotal role. In our study, we considered 72 patients with BRONJ with nonsurgical therapy, surgical therapy, and surgical therapy with platelet rich plasma (PRP) gel to evaluate its therapeutic effect in promoting ONJ wounds healing. Good results showed by PRP in improving wound healing give away to case-control randomized studies that could give definitive evidence of its effectiveness.

At present, early MRONJ stages should be primarily treated by means of a conservative approach while more advanced stages must be carefully evaluated. Individual decisions should be made for every single case even with respect to the drug-holiday protocol.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are a very heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the upper aerodigestive tract. They show different clinical behaviors depending on their origin site and genetics. Several data support the existence of at least two genetically different types of HNSCC, one virus-related and the other alcohol and/or tobacco and oral trauma-related, which show both clinical and biological opposite features. In fact, human papillomavirus (HPV)-related HNSCCs, which are mainly located in the oropharynx, are characterized by better prognosis and response to therapies when compared to HPV-negative HNSCCs. Interestingly, virus-related HNSCC has shown a better response to conservative (nonsurgical) treatments and immunotherapy, opening questions about the possibility to perform a pretherapy assessment which could totally guide the treatment strategy. In this review, we summarize molecular differences and similarities between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC, highlighting their impact on clinical behavior and on therapeutic strategies.Cancers 2020, 12, 975 2 of 14 papilloma virus (HPV)-related tumors [1][2][3]. Several lines of evidence support the existence of at least two genetically different types of HNSCC, one virus-related and the other alcohol and/or tobacco and oral trauma-related, characterized by both clinical and biological opposite features [3,4]. Unlike HPV-negative HNSCC, HPV-positive HNSCC often occurs in younger patients with minimal or no tobacco exposure [5,6]. HPV-positive HNSCC, similarly to its HPV-negative counterpart, has a male predominance, with men suffering a three-to-five times higher incidence than women worldwide [7].HPV-positive HNSCC carries a favorable prognosis if compared to HPV-negative tumors. In fact, five-year survival rates for patients with advanced-stage HPV-positive HNSCC are 75-80%, versus values less than 50% in patients with similarly staged HPV-negative tumors [8,9]. The cause of the aforementioned different behavior is the different chemo-and radiosensitivity shown by the HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCCs. In fact, several clinical trials have shown that HPV-positive HNSCC patients have a better response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy than HPV-negative cases [10][11][12]. The reasons for this different behavior should be searched in the opposite genetic features which characterize the two types of tumors.In this review, we will analyze the genetics of both HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC, highlighting their impact on the clinical behavior and finally on the therapeutic strategies. Genetics of HPV-Positive HNSCCCarcinogenesis, which is the complex process through which the normal cell is pushed to transform itself into a cancer cell, is very different between HPV-related and non-HPV-related HNSCC. Viral carcinogenesis in HNSCC is partly due to HPV infection, with the oropharynx being the most commonly involved site. HPV-mediated carcinogenesis is driven by a few viral oncoproteins expressed by high-risk HPV genotypes....

Introduction 3. Scientific literature revision 4. Discussion 4.1. Epidemiology 4.2. Aetiopathogenesis 4.3. Clinical presentation and diagnosis 4.4. Current treatment modalities in Oral Lichen Planus 5. Acknowledgements 6. References