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Insect larvae, such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL: Hermetia illucens) are currently being considered as an alternative source of protein for poultry and aquaculture industry while in the same time apply as agent to manage organic wastes. In order to achieve both roles it is necessary to develop an appropriate farming methodology and understand the impact of different feeding source for the insect production. The study explored the effect of three local plant based organic wastes as feedstocks to growth of the black soldier fly larvae. Separate feeding trials on horse manure (HM), vegetable wastes (VW), and tofu dreg (TD) was done and their effect on BSF larvae growth rate, larvae weight and total prepupal yield in grams content analysed. The efficiency of the BSF larvae to consume and ability to reduce the waste load of the different substrates was also evaluated. The result showed all materials suitable as feeding material for black soldier fly. Difference on physical properties and chemical content affected the development time, harvested biomass, efficiency of digestivity, and efficiency of biomass production which is unique for each type of waste. This study provide base line information for future development of plant based organic waste management.

In Indonesia, hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the most important spices. Despite the fact that high yield cultivars and fertilizers have been applied to increase the annual production of this spice, local farming is always unable to maintain constant production. Studies to find the explanation of this problem mostly focused on pest attack while possibility of low fruit production due to lack of pollination was neglected. In this study, the effect of pollinator visitation to fruit set and quality was assessed by application of two local domesticated honey bees, Asiatic honey bees (Apis cerana) and stingless bees (Trigona laeviceps) as potential pollinator agents at hot pepper plantation. This study found that both bees had similar visitation rate while A. cerana spend less time in flowers. Visitation by A. cerana and Trigona laeviceps improved fruit set, fruit production per plant, average fruit weight, and fruit size. This result confirms the importance of cross pollination for hot pepper production and both species could be used as pollination agent for hot pepper. Advantages and disadvantages for each species as pollination agent for local Indonesia farm system are discussed in this paper.

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ABSTRAKSerangga penyerbuk liar maupun terdomestikasi memainkan peran penting dalam proses penyerbukan pada berbagai tanaman bernilai ekonomi terutama tanaman monoceious seperti dari kelompok Cucurbitaceae. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan informasi mengenai peran dari serangga penyerbuk liar dan aplikasi koloni Trigona (Tetragonula) laeviceps Smith terhadap produksi dan kualitas buah kabocha (Cucurbita maxima) sebagai model tanaman pada lahan pertanian tradisional. Pengamatan dilakukan pada pukul 07:00-15:00 selama periode pebungaan dalam kurun waktu tiga minggu. Pengamatan dilakukan pada tiga plot perlakuan: open pollination + T. laeviceps (OPT), open pollination (OP), dan hand pollination (HP). Efek dari polinator ditinjau melalui tiga parameter, yaitu pola kunjungan, plant reproductive success, dan kualitas buah. Pola kunjungan diukur berdasarkan frekuensi dan lama kunjungan serangga, plant reproductive success diukur dari fruit set dan jumlah biji, sedangkan kualitas buah diukur berdasarkan diameter dan berat buah serta produksi buah/tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mayoritas polinator liar aktif pada pagi hari, sedangkan T. laeviceps lebih aktif mulai siang yang diduga disebabkan oleh pengaruh variasi toleransi terhadap suhu pada tiap spesies. Terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada fruit set antara perlakuan OPT (80%), OP (65%), dan HP (38,3%) (F 2,35 = 19,907, P = 0,000). Jumlah biji dan kualitas buah yang dihasilkan pada perlakuan OPT dan OP lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan perlakuan HP, sedangkan jumlah buah pada OPT jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan lainnya. Rendahnya kesuksesan penyerbukan pada plot HP menunjukkan ketepatan waktu penting bagi penyerbukan kabocha. Berdasarkan hasil ini maka penyerbukan oleh lebah pada tanaman kabocha sulit digantikan oleh manusia dan variasi kunjungan yang dimiliki oleh T. laeviceps berdampak positif pada produksi buah kabocha.Kata kunci: kesuksesan reproduksi, produksi buah, serangga penyerbuk, tanaman produksi ABSTRACTInsects hold important role in pollination of many crops. However, studies on pollination in Indonesia could be considered rare. This study focussed on obtaining the basic information of wild pollinators and the effect Trigona (Tetragonula) laeviceps Smith innundation release to the