This article discusses the model of freedom of speech that is prohibited and categorized as hate speech using the maqāṣid al-sharī’ah approach. The prohibition and sanctioning of hate speech has been a dilemma. On the one hand, it prevents someone from hurting other people’s feelings. On the other hand, it violates freedom of speech. This research is a literature study in which the data were obtained from the texts of the Qur’an. Through normative-empirical and maqāṣid al-sharī’ah approaches, this study reveals that freedom of speech is part of human rights, which in the maqāṣid al-sharī’ah perspective can be categorized as protection of freedom of thought (ḥifẓ al-’aql). However, when freedom of speech is not controlled, it can potentially become hate speech that can threaten another maqāṣid al-sharī’ah, namely the protection of the soul (ḥifẓ al-nafs). The identification and categorization of an action as hate speech or an expression of freedom of speech are based on the benefits. The findings of this study are expected to educate the public in distinguishing between freedom of speech and hate speech according to maqāṣid al-sharī’ah to minimize conflict and hostility.
Kajian ini berupaya melacak perkawinan anak pasca perubahan undang-undang perkawinan yang menyamaratakan usia perkawinan menjadi 19 tahun melalui teori sistem hukum yang digagas oleh Lawrence M. Friedman. Melalui pijakan teoretis tersebut, perkawinan anak pasca perubahan undang-undang perkawinan ditelaah dari sisi struktur hukum, budaya hukum dan substansi hukum. Sementara pertanyaan dasar yang akan dijawab adalah bagaimanakah idealitas perubahan undang-undang perkawinan dalam mencegah terjadinya perkawinan anak di Indonesia.Melalui kajian ini diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa dari sisi budaya hukum, idealitas perubahan undang-undang perkawinan harus berhadapan dengan kuatnya budaya kitab kuning yang telah menjadi pola pikir masyarakat. Sementara dari sisi subtansi hukum, ketiadaan sanksi dalam undang-undang perkawinan menjadi celah tersendiri dalam menanggulangi perkawinan anak. Walaupun demikian, dari sisi struktur hukum, dengan adanya PERMA Nomor 5 Tahun 2019 yang mengatur tentang pemeriksaan perkara dispensasi kawin, dapat dipandang sebagai upaya serius dari penyelenggara hukum untuk mengantisipasi “liarnya” pernikahan anak
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