Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. One of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease is hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to determine the potential of Zingiberaceae (10 species) as inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation. This study was conducted by 2 methods including assay of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition and lipid peroxidation test. The study was performed by in vitro method, using 20% rat liver homogenate. The inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme was done by reacting liver homogenate, HMG-CoA substrate, which added the Zingiberaceae extract compared with simvastatin as standard drug. The absorbance of the mixture was measured by a Microlab 300 spectrophotometer at a 340 nm wavelength. Lipid peroxidation assay was induced by the FeSO 4 .7H 2 O solution. The absorbance value measured using a spectrophotometer at a 532 nm wavelength. Lipid peroxidation inhibition was characterized by absorbance of the test extract, compared with the control group. The obtained data was calculated as percent of inhibition and was used to calculate IC 50 extract test. The results showed that the 10 ethanolic extracts of Zingiberaceae rhizomes have activity as inhibitor HMG-CoA reductase enzyme with IC 50 value range 65.8±4.1-203.3±15.2 ppm and IC 50 for simvastatin as standard drug was 6.8±0.1 ppm. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation with IC 50 value range 13.5±5.0-219.6±4.3 ppm and simvastatin as standard drug was 1.8±0.5 ppm. This study can be concluded that the Zingiberaceae rhizomes have potential role as antihyperlipidemic agents through inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity and preventing lipid peroxidation.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in USA and Makassar are 22% and 23.7%. The prevalence of Non Alcoholic Steatosis Hepatosis (NASH) in MetS has not been reported. Study in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is 25–90 % in obesity patients. In NASH, there is accumulation of lipid in hepatocyte (raised free fatty acid level), raised stress oxidative (decreased total antioxidant status), raised of inflammation process (decreased adiponectin) and hepatic fibrotic process (raised TGF β1). The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation of free fatty acid, total antioxidant status, adiponectin and TGF-β1 with the occurrence of NASH.METHODS: This was a case control study in man aged ≥30 years old. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined by IDF categories. NASH was defined as fatty liver plus raised type IV collagen level ≥140 ng/ml and Alanine Transferase (ALT) level 1.5x upper normal limit.RESULT: The samples consisted of 8 MetS subjects, 11 MetS subjects with fatty liver and 2 MetS subjects with suspect NASH. Low level of adiponectin and high level free fatty acid led to progression from Fatty Liver (FL) to NASH. Level of total antioxidant and Level of TGF-β1 were relatively steady in NASH.CONCLUSION: The level of Free Fatty acid in subjects with MetS-FL was higher than in subjects with MetS, but was lower than in subjects with MetS-NASH. No difference in total antioxidants status level was observed among all groups. Level of adiponectin decreased in subjects with MetS-FL and MetS-NASH compared with subjects with MetS only. The level of TGF-β1 increased in subjects with MetS-FL more than in subjects with MetS only, and was steady low in subjects with MetS-NASH.KEYWORDS: metabolic syndrome, NASH, free fatty acid, total antioxidant status, adiponectin, transforming growth factor β1

Objective: The aim of this study was to observe the role of genetic variation T45G and G276T of adiponectin gene in pathomechanism of fatty liver on obese subjects. Methods:An observational study with case-control design was conducted on 94 obese male subjects (50 subjects are obese male with fatty liver and 44 subjects are obese male without fatty liver). The research is taken place in Prodia Clinical Laboratory Makassar to determine genetic variation single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) T45G (Genotype TT, thyroglobulin [TG], and GG) and SNP G276T (Genotype GG, GT, and TT) of adiponectin gene, technique of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used. The level of adiponectin, soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2 (sTNF-αR2), and insulin serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, meanwhile, fatty liver was detected by ultrasonography. Results:The result of the study showed genetic variation, T45G of adiponectin gene was genotype TT 62.8 %, genotype TG 30.9%, and genotype GG 6.3%; meanwhile, genetic variation G276T of adiponectin gene was genotype GG 43.6%, genotype GT 38.3 %, and genotype TT 18.1 %. There was no significant correlation of genetic variation T45G as well as G276T of adiponectin gene, to the level of adiponectin serum (>0.05). Insulin resistance was more frequent on genotype TT genetic variation T45G of adiponectin gene as compare to that on TG+GG (p=0.069). Genotype TT on genetic variation T45G of adiponectin gene was significant correlated with fatty liver (p=0.010). Genotype TG+TT on genetic variation G276T of adiponectin gene was more likely to have insulin resistance and fatty liver than that of genotype GG. Allele T carrier on genetic variation T45G and G276T of adiponectin gene had a higher chance to have insulin resistance and fatty liver as compare to that of allele G carrier. The odds ratio of having fatty liver insulin resistance is 5.3, genotype TT on genetic variation T45G of adiponectin gene is 3.8, low level of adiponectin is 3.4, and high level of sTNF-αR2 is 3.3. Conclusion:Genotype TT on genetic variation T45G of adiponectin gene has a role in fatty liver on obese subjects. Genotype TG+TT on genetic variation G276T of adiponectin gene was more high frequent to have fatty liver compare to that on genotype GG. Allele T carrier on genetic variation T45G of adiponectin gene had higher frequency on the occurrence of insulin resistance than that on allele G carrier. Insulin resistance has the highest influence as compare to genotype TT on genetic variation T45G of adiponectin gene, low level of adiponectin serum, high level of sTNF-αR2 serum in the pathomechanism of fatty liver in obese subjects.

Objective: The effect of Zingiber ottensii Val. rhizome and Sauropus androgynus L. Merr leaves extract combination was investigated using histologic profile of adipose tissues in obese male rats induced by high-fat and carbohydrate diets.Methods: This was a preventive study, conducted for 42 days by simultaneous administration of diets and extracts administration. The subjects were divided into 8 groups. All groups except negative control group were fed with high-fat and carbohydrate diets. Orlistat, metformin, and curcumin were used as contrast.Result: The phytochemical screening of Z. ottensii Val. rhizome extract showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoids, meanwhile S. androgynus L. Merr leaves extract presented flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The results showed tissues histological differences in all test group compared with positive control. The most effective combination dose for bangle and katuk leaves extract in protecting adipose tissue was 100 mg/Kg:100 mg/Kg body weight.Conclusion: The combination of black bangle and katuk leaves extract showed a protective role, demonstrated by adipose tissues histologic profile.