Bactrocera dorsalis, the Oriental fruit fly, is one of the world's most destructive agricultural insect pests and a major impediment to international fresh commodity trade. The genetic structuring of the species across its entire geographic range has never been undertaken, because under a former taxonomy B. dorsalis was divided into four distinct taxonomic entities, each with their own, largely non‐overlapping, distributions. Based on the extensive sampling of six a priori groups from 63 locations, genetic and geometric morphometric datasets were generated to detect macrogeographic population structure, and to determine prior and current invasion pathways of this species. Weak population structure and high genetic diversity were detected among Asian populations. Invasive populations in Africa and Hawaii are inferred to be the result of separate, single invasions from South Asia, while South Asia is also the likely source of other Asian populations. The current northward invasion of B. dorsalis into Central China is the result of multiple, repeated dispersal events, most likely related to fruit trade. Results are discussed in the context of global quarantine, trade, and management of this pest. The recent expansion of the fly into temperate China, with very few associated genetic changes, clearly demonstrates the threat posed by this pest to ecologically similar areas in Europe and North America.

Population fluctuations fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Complex) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on a papaya plantation at the Margaluyu Village, Garut RegencyFruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Complex.) is the main pest that attacks papaya plants and responsible for losses outcome attaining 100%. The purpose of this research was to understand the effects of abiotic factors (rainfalls and rainy days) and biotic factor (the availability of fruits) against the fruit fly population in papaya plantation. This research was conducted using a survey method to set traps on papaya plantation as many as 10 pieces on the edge of the garden and another 10 inside at Margaluyu Village, Leles District, Garut Regency. The results showed that abiotic factors such us rainfall and rainy days did not show a significant correlation to the increasing population of fruit flies. The biotic factor which was the availability of fruits showed a positive correlation to increasing fruit fly population. The result of T-test analysis at the 5% level showed that the average catches of fruit flies with the egde of trap and the inside of trap giving a real difference.Keywords: Bactrocera dorsalis Complex, Fruit fly, Papaya, Population fluctuationABSTRAKLalat buah (Bactrocera dorsalis Complex.) merupakan hama penting yang menyerang tanaman pepaya dan dapat menyebabkan kehilangan hasil sampai 100%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor abiotik (curah hujan dan jumlah hari hujan) serta faktor biotik (ketersediaan buah) terhadap fluktuasi populasi lalat buah pada pertanaman pepaya. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Margaluyu, Kecamatan Leles, Kabupaten Garut. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode survei dengan memasang perangkap pada pertanaman pepaya sebanyak 10 buah di bagian tepi kebun dan 10 buah pada bagian dalam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor abiotik berupa curah hujan dan jumlah hari hujan tidak menunjukkan korelasi yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan populasi lalat buah. Faktor biotik yaitu ketersediaan buah menunjukkan korelasi positif terhadap peningkatan populasi lalat buah. Hasil analisis T-test pada taraf 5% menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata hasil tangkapan lalat buah pada perangkap tepi dan perangkap dalam memberikan perbedaan yang nyata.Kata kunci: Bactrocera dorsalis Kompleks, Fluktuasi populasi, Lalat buah, Pepaya.

Invasive species can be detrimental to a nation's ecology, economy and human health. Rapid and accurate diagnostics are critical to limit the establishment and spread of exotic organisms. The increasing rate of biological invasions relative to the taxonomic expertise available generates a demand for high-throughput, DNA-based diagnostics methods for identification. We designed species-specific qPCR primer and probe combinations for 27 economically important tephritidae species in six genera (Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Carpomya, Ceratitis, Dacus and Rhagoletis) based on 935 COI DNA barcode haplotypes from 181 fruit fly species publically available in BOLD, and then tested the specificity for each primer pair and probe through qPCR of 35 of those species. We then developed a standardization reaction system for detecting the 27 target species based on a microfluidic dynamic array and also applied the method to identify unknown immature samples from port interceptions and field monitoring. This method led to a specific and simultaneous detection for all 27 species in 7.5 h, using only 0.2 μL of reaction system in each reaction chamber. The approach successfully discriminated among species within complexes that had genetic similarities of up to 98.48%, while it also identified all immature samples consistent with the subsequent results of morphological examination of adults which were reared from larvae of cohorts from the same samples. We present an accurate, rapid and high-throughput innovative approach for detecting fruit flies of quarantine concern. This is a new method which has broad potential to be one of international standards for plant quarantine and invasive species detection.

Fluctuation population of fruit flies Batrocera spp. (Dipthera: Tephritidae) on chilli (Capsicum annuum) plantation areas in Bandung Regency, West JavaFruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) are destructive pest that cause damages to horticulture commodities such as fruits and vegetables. The purpose of this study was to investigate fluctuation population of fruit flies in relation to abiotic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days, and biotic factors, such as host phenology and natural enemies. The field experiment was conducted in Pulosari Village, Pangalengan, Bandung. This research used survey method by placing 20 fruit flies traps on host plants, in which 10 traps were being placed in the outside and the others were being placed in the inside within 10 meters distance per trap. Trapped flies were collected and their population was counted in every week. The results revealed that abiotitic factors (temperature, rainfall, number of rainy days) have non significant influence indicated by the regression analysis of each temperature (Y=-101.2+2298.7x; R2=0.253; P>0.05), rainfall (Y= 0.143+154.4x; R2 = 0.004; P> 0.05), and the number of rainy days (Y= 6.607+140.51x; R2 = 0.015; P>0.05). Meanwhile, fruit fly with the dominant population was Bactocera dorsalis which was included into sibling species of Bactrocera dorsalis Complex with number of population was 93% from specimen sample.Keywords: Fluctuation population, fruit flies, Batrocera dorsalis Complex, ChilliABSTRAKLalat buah (Bactrocera spp.) merupakan hama penting yang menyerang tanaman hortikultura baik buah-buahan ataupun sayuran buah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi fluktuasi populasi lalat buah pada pertanaman cabai merah terhadap faktor abiotik berupa suhu, curah hujan, jumlah hari hujan dan faktor biotik berupa fenologi tanaman inang dan musuh alami. Percobaan ini dilaksanakan di Desa Pulosari, Kecamatan Pangalengan Kabupaten Bandung. Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan metode survei dengan memasang perangkap lalat buah pada lahan pertanaman cabai merah sebanyak 20 perangkap dengan 10 perangkap bagian luar dan 10 perangkap bagian dalam dengan jarak antar perangkap 10 meter. Hasil tangkapan dikumpulkan dan dihitung populasi lalat buah yang terperangkap setiap minggunya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan faktor abiotik (suhu, curah hujan, jumlah hari hujan) tidak memberikan pengaruh signifikan ditunjukan dengan analisis regresi masing-masing pada suhu ( Y= -101,2+ 2298,7x ; R2=0,253; P > 0,05), Curah hujan (Y= 0,143 + 154,4x ; R2= 0,004 ; P > 0,05), dan Jumlah hari hujan (Y= 6,607 + 140,51x ; R2=0,015 ; P > 0,05) Sedangkan lalat buah yang memiliki populasi paling dominan adalah Bactrocera dorsalis yang termasuk sibling dari spesies Bactrocera dorsalis Kompleks dengan jumlah populasi sebanyak 93% dari sampel spesimen.Kata kunci : Fluktuasi populasi, Lalat buah, Bactrocera dorsalis Kompleks, Cabai merah

Penelitian mengenai proses termal dan pendugaan umur simpan nasi goreng dalam kemasan retort pouch telah dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian yaitu melakukan optimasi sterilisasi dan pendugaan umur simpan nasi goreng dalam retort pouch. Optimasi sterilisasi dilakukan pada suhu 110 °C dan 121°C dengan waktu 15 menit dan 20 menit, menggunakan parameter uji Angka Kecukupan Panas (Fo) dan uji Angka Lempeng Total (ALT). Pendugaan umur simpan menggunakan teknik Accelerated Shelf-life Test (ASLT) model Arrhenius melalui pendekatan penurunan mutu angka ketengikan thiobarbituric acid (TBA). Penyimpanan sampel pada variasi suhu 27, 35 dan 55°C, diuji setiap 7 hari selama 35 hari.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses sterilisasi retort pouch yang terbaik yaitu pada suhu 121°C selama 20 menit. Hasil ALT yaitu 0,4 x 10 3 cfu/ml dan Angka Kecukupan Panas Fo 11,88 menit. Perkiraan umur simpan nasi goreng dalam retort pouch adalah 8,25 bulan.